不定式.docx
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不定式.docx
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不定式
动词不定式
动词不定式是动词的一种非谓语形式,没有人称和数的变化,不能单独作句子的谓语。
其构成形式为"to+动词原形",to为动词不定式的符号,本身无意义。
动词不定式具有两大特点:
1.具有动词的特点,因此,后面可以跟表语、宾语或状语,构成动词不定式短语。
2.具有名词、形容词或副词的特点,可以在句子中用作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、状语、定语、表语及同位语等
动词不定式的否定式
不定式的否定式是not/nevertodo...,不带to的不定式的否定式是not/neverdo...如:
1.Theydecidenottotalktoeachother.
2.Hisparentstellhimnevertoplaysoccerinthestreet.
习题:
()1.Theteachertoldthem________makesomuchnoise.
A.don’tB.notC.willnotD.notto
()2.Mymotheroftentellsme_______somanymistakes.
A.nottomakeB.tonotmakeC.don’tmakeD.notmake
()3.Tellhim_______thewindow.
A.toshut(关)notB.nottoshutC.tonotshutD.notshut
()4.Theboywantedtoridehisbicycleinthestreet,buthismothertoldhim______.
A.nottoB.nottodoC.notdoitD.donotto
()5.MrsSmithwarned(警告)herdaughter________afterdrinking.
A.nevertodriveB.toneverdriveC.neverdrivingD.neverdrive
()6.Thedoctoraskedthepatient____richfoodaftertheoperation(手术).
A.toeatnotB.eatingnotC.nottoeatD.noteating
一.作主语
动词不定式作主语时,句子的谓语动词常用单数,其位置有以下两种:
(1)把不定式置于句首。
(表示一个具体的将来的动作)如:
Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.
骑自行车到那儿将花费我们半个小时。
Tosavemoneynowseemsimpossible.
现在好像不可能存钱。
(2)用it作形式主语,把真正的主语不定式置于句后,常用于下列句式中。
如:
1.Ittakessb+sometime+todo
Howlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?
你花了多少时间来完成这项工作吗?
2.It+be+形容词+forsb+todo
Itisdifficultforustofinishmyhomeworkinanhour.
常用表示客观情况的形容词,如:
difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary等
Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverything(that)theteachersays.
常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,silly,stupid,wise等表示赞扬或批评的词。
练习
1.It'sourduty_________theroomeveryday.
A.tocleanB.cleanedC.cleanD.cleans
2.It'shardforus_________Englishwell.
A.learnB.learnsC.tolearnD.learning
3.It'seasy________metodothat.
4.Itwassilly_________ustobelievehim.
5.Itisselfish__________himnottogivethemanything.
6.It'snecessary__________youtolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.
7.建造这座立交桥将花费工人们一年多的时间。
Itwill_________theworkersoverayear__________________theflyover.
8.It'sverynice_________youtogetmetwotickets_________theWorldCup.
A.for,ofB.of,forC.to,forD.of,to
二、用作表语
动词不定式作表语,常说明主语的内容、性质、特征。
如:
1.ThebestwayistojoinanEnglishclub.
2.Thefirstthingistolistentotheteachercarefully.
习题:
1.Myworkis____________theroomeveryday.我的工作是每天清扫房间。
2.Hisdreamis_____________adoctor.他的梦想是成为一名医生。
三、作宾语
1)以下动词后,只能跟不定式作宾语
afford(付得起),agree(同意),ask(要求),care(想要),choose(决定),decide(决定),expect(期待),help(帮助),hope(希望),learn(学会),offer(主动提出),plan(计划),promise(答应),want(想要),wish(希望),happen(碰巧)
可以接带to的动词不定式作宾语的动词主要有:
要求选择同意(ask,choose,agree),期望决定学习(expect,hope,decide,learn),宁可假装知道(prefer,pretend,know),希望想要愿意(wish,want,wouldlike/love)。
举例:
Iaffordtobuyanewcomputer。
Ihappentoknowtheanswertoyourquestion.
2)动词+疑问词+不定式
decide,know,forget,learn,remember,show,understand,see,wonder,hear,findout,tell
Pleaseshowushowtodothat.请演示给我们如何去做。
Therearesomanykindsoftape-recordersonsalethatIcan'tmakeupmymindwhichtobuy.
有这么多的录音机,我都拿不定主意买哪一种。
注意:
疑问词带不定式在句中作成分时,谓语动词用单数。
Thequestionishowtoputitintopractice.
问题是怎样把它付诸实施。
3)形式宾语
当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时,先用形式宾语it代替不定式,把不定式置于补语之后,即:
主语+动词+it+补语+todo句式。
如:
Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.
Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.
IfinditdifficulttolearnEnglishwell.
练习:
1.Hewants______somevegetables.
A.buyB.buyingC.tobuyD.buys
2.Don'tforget______yourhomeworkwithyouwhenyoucometoschool.
A.tobringB.bringingC.totakeD.taking
3.Hefounditverydifficult______it.
A.doingB.doesC.didD.todo
注意:
1.既可接动词不定式又可接v-ing形式作宾语,意思差别不太大的动词有begin,start,like,love等。
一般说来,动词不定式表一次、数次的具体动作、将来动作或动作的全过程,v-ing形式表习惯性的连续动作。
但是这种区别并不很严格,特别是美国英语,即使是习惯性的动作也可以用动词不定式。
如:
1)ThenIstartedtowatchTV.
2)IlikeswimmingbutIdon’tliketoswiminsuchcoldweather.
2.后接动词不定式或v-ing形式作宾语,意思差别较大的动词有forget,remember等。
后接不定式作宾语,表动作尚未发生;后接v-ing形式作宾语,表动作已经发生。
stoptodo
stopdoing
forgettodo
forgetdoing
remembertodo
rememberdoing
trytodo
trydoing
习题:
1.Pleasestop______arestifyoufeeltired.
A.tohaveB.havingC.haveD.has
2.——Whydidn'tyoubuysomebreadonyourwayhome?
——Sorry,Iforgot______somemoneywithme.
A.takeB.takingC.totakeD.took
3.——Let'shavearest,shallwe?
——Notnow,Ican'tstop______theletters.
A.writeB.towriteC.writingD.andwrite
4.Jimwasbadlyhurt,sohehadtostop______(walk).(用所给单词的正确形式填空)
四、用作宾语补足语(动词+宾语+不定式(todo))
1.带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语的动词主要有:
要求允许提议(ask,allow,,advise),期望邀请鼓励(expect,,invite,encourage),教导告诉想要(teach,tell,want),等待希望愿意(waitfor,wish,wouldlike/love)。
如:
1)I’dinvitehertohavedinneratmyhouse.
2)Weshouldallowthechildrentochoosetheirownclothes.
2.秃头不定式作补语
秃头不定式,即不带“to”的不定式,其语法功能一般在句子中作宾语的补语(宾语补足语)。
用秃头不定式作宾语补足语的常用动词如下:
四看-----see/watch/observe/lookat;三让-----have/make/let;两听-----hear/listento;一感-----feel;一注意notice
例句:
Ioftenseehimgotoschoolonfoot.(秃头不定式作宾语补足语)
Heisoftenseentogotoschoolonfoot.(不定式作主语补足语,要带“to”)
Lethimtryagain.----Heislettryagain.(let的主补与宾补均用秃头不定式)
练习:
1.Wesawhim______thebuildingandgoupstairs.
A.toenterB.enterC.enteringD.entered
2.Somuchworkusuallymakesthem______verytired.
A.tofeelB.feelsC.feelingD.feel
3.Yourfatherissleeping.You'dbetter______.
A.notwakeuphimB.nottowakeuphimC.notwakehimupD.nottowakehimup(陕西省)
3.help后接动词不定式作补语,to可带可不带。
1)TheycanhelpyoutolearnEnglish.
2)UsingemailEnglishhelpsyouwritequickly.
练习
1.Robertoftenasksus______hisChinese,sohisChineseismuchbetterthanbefore.
A.helphimB.tohelphimwithC.tohelpwithD.helpshimwith
2.MrLioftenteacheshisJapanesefriends______Chinesefood.
A.cookB.cooksC.tocookD.cooked
3.Lileiasksme______hisEnglish.
A.helphimB.tohelphimwithC.tohelpwithD.helpshimwith
五、做状语
(1)目的状语
To…onlyto(仅仅为了), inorderto, soasto, so(such)…asto…(如此……以便……)
Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus. 他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。
Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou. 我来仅仅是向你告别。
(2)作结果状语,表事先没有预料到的,要放在句子后面。
WhathaveIsaidtomakeyouangry.
Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.
(3)表原因
I'mgladtoseeyou.
典型例题
Thechairlooksratherhard,butinfactitisverycomfortableto___.
A.sit B.siton C.beseat D.besaton
练习:
1.Shewent______herteacher.
A.toseeB.looksC.sawD.seeing
2.MeimeilikesEnglishverymuch.Shedoesherbest______Englishwell.
A.learnB.learningC.tolearnD.learns
3.I'msorry______that.
A.hearsB.hearingC.hearD.tohear
4.I'msorry______you.
A.troubleB.totroubleC.troublingD.troubled
5.Mymotherwasveryglad______heroldfriend.
A.tomeetB.meetC.metD.meets
6.Thepandaissofatthatitcan'tgothroughthehole.(改为意思相同的句子)
Thehole________________________suchafatpandatogothrough.
7.Theiceonthelakewassothinthatpeoplecouldn'tskateonit.(改为意思相同的句子)
Theiceonthelakewasn't______enough______people__________________.
8.Shewent______hergrandmother.
A.toseeB.looksC.sawD.seeing
9.I'msorry______you.
A.troubleB.totroubleC.troublingD.troubled.
六、作定语
⒈不定式作定语
不定式在句中作定语,置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。
如:
①ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.
②Doyouhaveanythingtobetakentoyoursister?
③Doyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestion?
④Wouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteon?
⑤MywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.
练习:
1.Wouldyoulikesomething______?
A.drinkB.drinkingC.todrinkD.drinks
2.Ihavealotofhomework______.
A.doB.doingC.didD.todo
3.Heisnotaneasyman______.
A.getonB.togetonC.getonwithD.togetonwith
区别联系
1动名词与不定式的区别
动名词表达的是:
状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的
不定式表达的是:
目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的
2接不定式或动名词,意义相同
3在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:
①hate,like,love前有would(should)时,如:
I'dliketohaveacupofcoffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时,如:
Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时,如:
Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening.
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语,或带不定式作宾语补足语。
如:
Ourteachersdon'tpermitour/usswimminginthelake.
Ourteachersdon'tpermitustoswiminthelake.
4部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大,应根据句子语境选择使用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。
如:
Don'tforgettoposttheletterforme.
HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport?
Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.
Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.
Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.
Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.
基础练习题
1.Don'tforget_________theletter.
A.tosend B.send C.sending D.beingsent
2.Thechairlooksveryold,butinfactitisverycomfortableto_________.
A.sit B.siton C.besat D.besaton
3.Is______necessarytoreturnthebooktomorrow?
A.this B.that C.it D.which
4.I'mafraidtheywouldnotallowhim________here.
A.tosmoke B.smoking C.smokes D.smoke
5.Mothertoldme________thewaterbeforeIdrankit.
A.boiling B.boiled C.boil D.toboil
6.Onmywayhome,Istopped_______somefood.
A.buy B.tobuy C.buying D.bought
7.ThefirstthingIwanttodois__________.
A.visittohim B.tovisithim C.visit
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