中小型跨国企业在中国中端市场的发展机遇与挑战.docx
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中小型跨国企业在中国中端市场的发展机遇与挑战.docx
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中小型跨国企业在中国中端市场的发展机遇与挑战
中小型跨国企业在中国中端市场的发展机遇与挑战
OpportunitiesandChallengesforSmallandMediumMNCstoEntertheChina’sMid-market
胡宇诗
ChristineHU
2014年12月
December,2014
Abstract
Withthedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationandintegration,agroupofChinesesmallandmediumMNCsbegintoenteremergingfields,whichhasbecomeanimportantforceinforeigndirectinvestment.Thesecorporationshavethecomparativeadvantageofproperty,speed,comparativeandexport.However,therearealsoproblemslikeimperfectlawsandregulations,financingdifficulties,lackofinformation,andlackofstrategicinnovationandsysteminnovation.ThisthesiswillfocusonChineseMid-endMarket,andmakeabriefanalysisinChinesemid-market,inordertomakeawarenessofopportunitiesandchallengeswhichsmallandmediumMNCsarefacing,thentrytogivesomesuggestionstothesecorporations’development.
Keywords:
SmallandMediumMNCs,Mid-market,WTO,MarketEnvironment
LiteratureReview
1.Theoryofsmallscaletechnology
InAmericaneconomistLewisWills’paperDevelopmentTrendofMultinationalCorporationsinThirdWorld;hefirstputforwardthesmallscaletechnologytheory.Multinationalbusinessindevelopingcountriesstartedlatewithsignificantgapsintermsoftechnologyandmanagementexperience.However,intheprocessofthesupplyforspecificmarkets,thecomparativeadvantageofdevelopingcountriesisobvious.Thusheanalyzedthecomparativeadvantagesofmultinationalcorporationsindevelopingcountriesintwoaspects:
(1)small-scaleproductiontechnologyforsmall-markets'demand(oftenlabor-intensiveindustries);
(2)marketingstrategyofaffordableproducts.Hemadeaconclusiontthatmultinationalcorporationsindevelopingcountriesreliedonlow-costwaytosellproducts.
2.Theoryofindustrialupgrading
At1990s,BritisheconomistJohnCantwellconductedinvestigationandanalysisofdevelopingcountries.Aftersystematicanalysistheyfinallyputforwardthetheoryoftechnicalinnovationandindustryupgrading.Thetheoryheldthat:
(l)upgradingoftheindustrialstructureofdevelopingcountriesmeantthestableimprovingandexpendingofdevelopingcountriesenterprises'technologicalcapability;
(2)improvementoftheirtechnicalcapacitywasdirectlyrelatedtotheirgrowingforeigninvestment.Inaddition,thetheoryalsobelievedthatindustrialandgeographicdistributionofforeigninvestmentofdevelopingcountriesgraduallychangedovertime,whichcouldalsobepredicted.
3.TheoryofChinainternationalbusiness
TherearemanyChinesedomesticscholarswhohadprovidedsomeuniqueinsightsforChineseenterprisestoimplementtransnationalmanagement.WuXianmingsummarizedfouraspectsofmotivationoftheforeigndirectinvestmentinhisbookInternationalCreativeAssetsandChineseEnterprises:
(1)toseeknewmarketopportunities;
(2)tocircumventtradebarriers;(3)tofollowadvancedtechnologies;(4)toobtainshortagerawmaterials.
4.InternationalBusinessOperations
InAStrategicInvestmentDecision:
“InternationalizationofSME”:
AMultipleAppraisalApproachandIllustrationwithaCaseStudy,AsumanAtikgaveadefinitiontointernationalbusinessoperations:
transnationalbusinessactivitiesthatmakeuseofproductionfactorsandmanagementskills.Therefore,inahighlycompetitiveenvironment,internationalizationisnotjustanecessityforsurvival,butalsoanimportantmeanstogaincompetitiveadvantages.
5.Influenceofenterpriseculture
ThepaperEffectsofageatentry,knowledgeintensity,andlimitabilityoninternationalgrowth(Autioetal.,2000)gaveasitefromenterpriseculture.Theintentionofthedevelopmentofenterpriseculturetowardsinternationalizationmakesenterprisehavetheabilityanddesiretopursueinternationalopportunities.Theybelievedthattheprocessofinternationalizationofacreativeandcombateffectivenessoftheenterpriseatmosphereismoresuitableforsmallandmediumenterprises.
6.Theallocationofhumanresources
FletcherD.stressedtheimportanceoftheallocationofhumanresourcesinhisthesisInternationalentrepreneurshipandsmallbusiness.Inhisopinion,fromtheperspectiveofsmallandmediumenterprises’ownhumanresourceallocation,knowledge,skill,talent,experienceofhumanresourceshadprovidedvaluefortheenterprise,whichrelatedtotheinternationalizationofenterprises.
7.Internationalexperience
BrushCandChagantiR.analyzedtheimportanceofinternationalexperienceintheirjournalBusinesseswithoutglamour?
Ananalysisofresourcesonperformancebysizeandageinsmallserviceretailfirms.Theypointedoutinternationalexperienceofownersandmanagersforspecial,andbelievedtheseexperiencesshouldincludeawarenessofforeigncultureandbusinesspracticesatabroad,whichcouldleadtheenterprisetohavethetendencytoachievebetterperformanceintheprocessofinternationalization.
8.Exportmanagers
IbehKIN’sthesisTowardacontingencyframeworkofexportentrepreneurship:
conceptualizationsandempiricalevidencesuggestthatanentrepreneurialorientationisassociatedwithbetterexportventuring,andistheappropriatestrategicpostureforsmallfirmsoperatinginhostileenvironments.Itwouldappear,also,thatthisorientationisassociatedwithcertaindecision-makercharacteristics(includinginternationalorientationandcontactsandpreviousbusinessexperience)andfirm-levelcompetencies.Bythushighlightingtheentrepreneurialdimensionsofexportventuring,thispapermakesthecaseforgreaterpolicyfocusonstrengtheningtheentrepreneurialfoundations/capacitiesofsmallfirms.
Conclusion
Theliteraturereviewaboveissomeofmostimportanttheoriesaboutmultinationaloperations.Thesetheorieshaveprovidedtransnationalbusinessenterprisesapowerfultheoreticalbasisandprovedtheircorrectnessandadvancementincertainareasinthelong-termcourseofpractice.Accordingtothesetheoreticalresults,wecanhaveaclearawarenessofmultinationalcorporationsandthesituationinmarket.Withtheliteraturereview,thisthesiswillmakeafurtheranalysisonmanagementstrategiesofMulti-NationalCorporations.
Contents
1Introduction………………………………………………………………………….1
2SmallandMediumMulti-nationalCorporations……………………………………2
2.1Definition………………………………………………………………………….2
2.2Developmentsituation…………………………………………………………….2
2.3AdvancedConditions……………………………………………………………...3
3Opportunities………………………………………………………………………...3
3.1China’saccessiontoWTO………………………………………………………..4
3.1.1Adjustmentofindustrialstructure………………………………………………4
3.1.2Tradeopportunities………………………………………………………………4
3.1.3Investmentopportunities………………………………………………………..4
3.2DevelopmentofMid-Market……………………………………………………..5
3.2.1Importantcomposition:
Chinesemiddle-class…………………………………..5
3.2.2Developmentsituationofmid-market…………………………………………..5
4Challenges…………………………………………………………………………...6
4.1ComplextradepolicyofChinesemarket………………………………………….6
4.1.1Changeof“super-national”treatment…………………………………………..6
4.1.2Complexapprovalproceduresandinadequatelegal……………………………7
4.2Financingdifficulties………………………………………………………………7
4.3Lackofinformation………………………………………………………………..8
4.4ImpactoflargeMNCs……………………………………………………………..8
5StrategiesofDevelopingSmallandMediumMNCsinChina’sMid-Market………8
5.1StrategiesofEnterprises…………………………………………………………...9
5.1.1Fullyunderstandingthemarket………………………………………………….9
5.1.2Developmentandtrainingofhumanresourcesadvantage………………………9
5.2StrategiesofGovernment………………………………………………………….9
5.2.1Improvelawsandregulations…………………………………………………..10
5.2.2ExpandingthelivingenvironmentofsmallandmediumMNCs………………10
6Conclusions………………………………………………………………………...11
OpportunitiesandChallengesforSmallandMediumMNCstoEntertheChina’sMid-market
1Introduction
Multi-nationalcorporation’ssituationineconomyofacountryandtheworldhasbecomeincreasinglyimportantwiththedevelopmentofeconomicglobalizationandintegration.Multi-nationalcorporationsarenotonlydirectproductsofeconomicglobalizationandbusinessdevelopmentofinternationalization,butalsothemostimportantandtypicalrepresentativeofthecarrierininternationalbusinessactivitiesatthesametime,whichhasbecomethecoreforceintheworldeconomy.Inpreviousstudies,peoplearemoreinclinedtolargemulti-nationalcorporation,andtendtoassociatemulti-nationalcorporationandLargeFirm.Admittedly,intheglobaleconomicsystem,somegiantmulti-nationalcorporations’saleshaveexceededGDPofanumberofcountries,whichmakethesecorporationsbecometobeworthyofthename“fabulouslyrich”.However,sincethe1980s,agroupofsmallandmediumtransnationalcorporationsemergedinChinesemarket.Withthedevelopmentofglobalizationandtheneweconomy,thesmallandmediummulti-nationalcorporationrapidlydashintomanyemergingfield,andhavebecomeanimportantforceinforeigndirectinvestment.
Mid-marketconsumergroupsaremainlysocialmiddleclass.Todeterminetheoverallsizeandgrowthtrendsinthemid-marketneedtofigureoutthesizeandgrowthtrendofthemiddleclass.ThereareindicationsthattheconsumptionstructureofChinesesocietyisevolvingfromadumbbell-shapedstructuretoaspindle-shapedstructure,andthekeyfactoristhecontinuousdevelopmentofmiddleclass.Infact,foreigncompanieshavenoticedthistrendinrecentyears.Theybegintoextendthebrandtothemid-marketinChina,ortoacquireChina'smid-marketbrandswhichhavestrongpositions.However,duetoavarietyofconditions,thedevelopmentofforeigncompaniesinChina’smid-marketisalsoatarelat
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- 关 键 词:
- 中小型 跨国企业 中国 中端 市场 发展 机遇 挑战