美国文学复习.docx
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美国文学复习.docx
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美国文学复习
2013年6月24日星期一
RevisionofAmericanliterature
forthecourseofSelectedReadingofAmericanliterature.
1.ThecreditofdiscoveringAmericaoftengoestoChristopherColumbus.Thediscoveryissaidtobeasexactas2:
00a.m.,Friday,October12,1492.
2.ThefirstgroupofEnglishsettlerssettledinJamestown,Virginiain1607.
3.Ingeneral,AmericanLiteraturebeginsfromthecolonialtimes,referredtoasthecolonialperiod,ortheLiteratureofColonialAmerica,rangingfrom1607to1725.
4.Unit1ofourtextbookbeginswithBenjaminFranklin.Points:
Franklin’stimeisrelatedtosuchtermsastheEnlightenment,theRevolution,DeismandUnitarianism.
5.Franklinisaversatileman,oftenreferredtoasaninventor,scientist,aprinter,politicalstatesman,diplomat,anexemplaryself-mademan,arevolutionaryhero,and,ofcourse,andauthor.
6.PoorRichard’sAlmanac(格言历书)ishispopularbookadvocating,throughadages(谚语,格言),commonsensewitticismsandmaxims,howtomanageafamily,maintainahousehold,howtodealwithpeopleandhowtobecomerich.
7.FranklinisbestknownforhisTheAutobiography.Hewroteitatfourdifferenttimes(1771,1784,1788,and1788-1789).ThesuccessstoryofawellaccomplishedlifeaslivedbyFranklinstillinfluencestheAmericanpeople’sviewsoflife,careerandtheirmorals.ThebookalsohelpsestablishtheAmericantraditionofwritingbiographiesbycelebrities.
8.theromanticistperiod(1800-1865)
Fordetailedinformationaboutthetrendofthought,pleaserefertoromanticismasdiscussedinEnglishliterature.Generalization:
romanticismemphasizesimagination,tuitionandemotion.Theyopposeideasofformheldbyclassicists.Theysingpraisesofnature,favortheindividualandliketoexpressthethoughtsandfeelingsofthecommonpeople.Besidestheyseekforrootsandancestry,showingtheiradmirationfortheancient.
9.Americanromanticismofthe19thcentury,withitscentreinNewEngland,takestheformofTranscendentalism.Generalization:
Transcendentalismfavorsintuition,opposesrationandauthority.Itemphasizestheindividualaccesstotruthbytuition.Theybelievethatmancanobtaintruthbywaysthattranscendpersonalexperiences.Thereforeman’sexistenceispartofGod.Orthereisdivinityinman.InasensemanishimselfGod.AsNatureisaninspirationofGod,mancanobtaintruth,understandrulesofdevelopmentandgetspiritualandmoralinspirationbyobservingnature
10.EmersonisthefounderofTranscendentalism(1803-1882).HeandhisfriendssharinghisthoughtsandviewsformedtheTranscendentalistclub.
11.Emerson’sNatureandSelf-relianceplayanimportantroleinshakingofftheruleofreligion,abandoningPuritanismwithGodasitscenter.Itemphasizestheimportanceofmanintheuniverse.Ithelpsestablishtheideaofdemocracyandanationalculturecharacterizedbyit.NatureisevenregardedasthebibleofTranscendentalism.
12.HenryDavidThoreauisEmerson’sdiscipleandfriend.Hisbest-knownbookisWalden,whichisadetailedaccountofthetwo-yearlifehelivedonthebankofWaldentopracticehisteacher’stranscendentalideals.
13.Nowitisthepoetryofthe19thcenturyromanticismorTranscendentalism.
14.ThefirstpoetthatappearedinourtextbookforthisperiodisHenryWadsworthLongfellow(1807-1882).Heismoretraditionalcomparedwiththeotherthreeintroducedbesidehim.Oneofhismajorpoemsis“theSongofHiawatha.”(海华沙之歌)“IShotanArrow…”and“APsalmofLife”arecitedasreadingtextsinourtextbook.Longfellow,asissaid,stickstotheoldconventions,lackingthespiritofinnovation.Hecriticizessocietybutonlymildly.
15.Whitmanisthegreatest19thcenturyAmericanromanticistpoet.Heisalsoregardedasasingerofdemocracy.TheLeavesofGrassisalmosthisanothername.ItmarkstheentranceofAmericanpoetryintoanewera.Thevolumecontainsonly12poemswhenfirstpublishedin1855.Bythetimeofhisdeathin1892,therearealmost400poemsinthebook.Hewroteaboutdeath,love,revolution,reed,universe,soul,etc.hesingsthepraisesofcommonpeopleandthings.Heglorifiesthecomrade-likerelationshipofpeople.Heemphasizestheequalimportanceofthebodywiththesoul,believingaunityofthem.Hispoemshaveafreeandeasystyle.Heisboldandstraightforward.Fulloflovefornature,mankind,theirlifeandtheuniverse,hispoemsreflecttheoptimisticandprogressivespiritoftheAmericanpeople.Instyle,headoptsfreeverse,abandoningconventionalversificationandskills.Heuseslong,sentence-likepoeticlines,resemblingprosepoetry.Heusescolloquialisms.Hecreatesmetaphorsandimagesfromreallifesituations.
16.EmilyDickinsonisstillanotherinthisgroup.Sheisasortofpoetinrecluse,remainingherwholelifeinAmherst,Massachusettswhere
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