Sarah 作文技巧及方法总结.docx
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Sarah 作文技巧及方法总结.docx
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Sarah作文技巧及方法总结
英语短文写作
一、写作评分标准
考试作文的目的旨在考核学生英语书面表达的能力。
作文考试时间只有30分钟,要求写出不少于150个词的短文。
考试作文的出题方式有:
命题作文,看图画和图表作文,根据所给文章(英文或中文)写出文章摘要或大意,给出关键词作文等。
考试的作文内容为社会、文化或日常生活的一般常识,不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容。
对作文的要求是:
切题,文理通顺,表达正确,意思连贯,无重大语言错误。
下面介绍考试作文的评分原则和标准,并作详细说明。
(一)作文评分原则
1.检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的教学要求,对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。
2.CET作文题采用总体评分(GlobalScoring)方法。
阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(RewardScores),而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。
3.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。
内容和语言是一个统一体,作文应表达题目所规定的内容,而内容要通过语言来表达。
要考虑作文是否切题,是否充分表达思想,也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想,也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。
4.避免趋中倾向。
该给高分的给高分,包括满分;该给低分的给低分,包括0分,一名阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。
(二)作文评分标准
1.本题满分为15分。
2.阅卷标准共分五等:
2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。
各有标准样卷一至二份。
3.阅卷人员根据阅卷标准,对照样卷评分,若认为与某一分数(如8分)相似,即定为该分数(即8分),若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数,即可加一分(即9分)或减一分(即7分),但不得加或减半分。
4.评分标准:
2分……条理不清,思路紊乱,语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误,且多数为严重错误。
5分……基本切题。
表达思想不清楚,连贯性差。
有较多的严重语言错误。
8分……基本切题。
有些地方表达思想不够清楚,文字勉强连贯;语言错误相当多,其中有一些是严重错误。
11分……切题。
表达思想清楚,文字连贯,但有少量语言错误。
14分……切题。
表达思想清楚,文字通顺,连贯性好。
基本无语言错误,仅有个别小错。
[注:
白卷,作文与题目毫不相关,或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0分。
]
5.字数不足应酌情扣分
累计字数
140-149
130-139
120-129
110-119
100-109
90-99
80-89
<79
扣分
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
[注:
]1.如题目中给出主题句,起始句,结束句,均不得计入所写字数
2.规定内容未写全者,按比例扣分。
二、写作常见错误分析
一、语法错误
(一)句子结构错误
1.主从句叠置
1)Therearemoreandmorestudentsliketousethecomputer.
2)Therearestillmanyproblemsshouldbenotedandresolved.
2.简单句叠置
Ilikechattingonlineverymuch,Igotothenetbaralmosteveryweekend.
3.从句叠置
Asisknowntoallthatcomputersplayanimportantroleinmanyfieldsofourlife.
4.句子成分缺失
Ifworkhard,wewillsurelybesuccessful.
5.语序错误
1)Whycollegestudentsspendmoreandmoretimeonthecomputer?
2)Ioftenwonderwherehavetheygottheirmoney.
(二)动词错误
1.时态错误
ManypeoplethoughtthattheInternetwillbemoreusefulinthefuture.
2.语态错误
1)Ihaveexcitedseveraldaysatthenewsthatyouwillcomehere.
2)Mostofthestudentssatisfywiththeserviceinthedininghall.
3.单复数错误
1)Wisemanseekopportunitiesratherthanwaitforthem.
2)Someoneareafraidthatcomputermaycontrolmeninthefuture.
4.非谓语动词错误
1)Letmetorepresenteveryonetosay“hello”toyou.
2)Doexerciseinthemorningisgoodforone’shealth.
3)Havingstudiedinourschoolfor3years,thecanteenservicehaschangedalot.
(三)代词错误
1)Wecanusecomputersindoingeverythingyoulike.
2)Acollegestudentshouldbeabletodotheirwashingontheirown.
(四)冠词错误
1)Horseisanusefulanimal.
2)TheexamwillbeheldintheDecember,2004.
(五)词性错误
1)Iwishyoucanconsidermysuggests.
2)Ifapersonwantstosuccess,hemustlearntoenduresufferingsandsetbacks.
二、用词错误
1)Studentsmustknowhowtoapplyacomputer.
2)PeoplecantouchmanynewthingsontheInternet.
3)Thepurposeofthisletteristoreactsomeopinionsontheserviceinthedininghall.
三、表达习惯错误
1)Whygeneratedsolargeachange?
2)Now6000yuancanbuyaP4computer.
3)Aroomoftenlives6-8students.
4)Ithinkthisgreatchangehasthreereasons.
5)Thepricesofthefoodaretooexpensive.
6)Thereasonforthisisbecausesomepeoplewanttoearnplentyofmoneywithoutworkinghard.
四、标点符号及大小写错误
1)However,everycoinhastwosides,Ithinkthesurroundingsinourcanteenarethebestamongalluniversities.
2)Themanwasracingdownthestreet.Becausehewaslatefortheclass.
3)AtlastIwanttoletyouknow,Iloveouruniversityverymuch.
4)Myfavoritesportsareswimming、jogging、mountaineeringandplayingtabletennis.
5)ThebestEnglishfilminmyeyesis《ForrestGump》.
三、写作题型分类
(一)对立观点型
2000年6月
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicIsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?
TheFirstsentencehasalreadybeenwrittenforyou.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:
1.很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试,理由是......2.也有人持不同意见,......3.我的看法和打算
1999年6月
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicReadingSelectivelyorExtensively?
Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:
1.有些人认为读书要有选择
2.有些人认为应当博览群书
3.我的看法
1998年6月
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicDo“LuckyNumbers”ReallyBringGoodLuck?
Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:
1.有些人认为某些数字会带来好运
2.我认为数字和运气无关......
1997年6月
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewonJob-Hopping.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:
1.有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作,因为......2.有些人喜欢经常更换工作,因为......3.我的看法
(二)解决问题型
2003年12月
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteashortessayentitledReduceWasteonCampus.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelow:
1.有些大学校园浪费的现象日益严重
2.浪费的危害
3.杜绝浪费,从我做起
2000年1月
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHowIFinanceMyCollegeEducation.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:
1.上大学的费用(tuitionandfees)可以通过多种途径解决。
2.哪种途径适合我(说明理由)。
1998年1月
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicMyViewonFakeCommodities.Youshouldwriteatleast120words,andbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below:
1.假冒伪劣商品的危害2.怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品
(三)谚语警句型1997年1月
Directions:
Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHasteMakesWaste.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositionontheoutline(giveninChinese)below.
1.为什么“欲速则不达”?
2.举例说明。
(四)图表图画型2003年9月
(5)应用写作型
四、写作分类范文
(一)对立观点型
1.IsaTestofSpokenEnglishNecessary?
AtestofspokenEnglishwillbeincludedasanoptionalcomponentofCollegeEnglishTest(CET).SomepeoplearguethatitisabsolutelynecessarytoholdatestofspokenEnglishinChinabecausewehavebeeninformedfrequentlythataChinesestudentwhohasbeenlearningEnglishforovertenyearscannotevencommunicatewithanativespeaker.AtestofspokenEnglishwillbringthecollegestudentsanawarenessoftheimportanceoforalEnglish,andwillthushelpthemwiththeircommunicatingskills.
Ontheotherhand,someothersstillmaintainthatagoodcommandofreadingandwritingskillswillbeenoughfortheEnglishlearners.Tosomeextenttheiropinionderivesfromthefactthatstudentsarealreadyunderconsiderablepressurefromtheircoursework.Anotherrequiredtestwillonlyaddtotheirburden.
Inmyopinion,atestofspokenEnglishwilldomoregoodthanharm.SinceChinawillcontinueitspolicyofopeningandreform,theabilitytospeakEnglishfluentlyisamustforanyonewhowantstosurpassothersinahighlycompetitivesociety.WhetherItakethetestornot,IshallsparenoeffortstopracticeoralEnglishintheremainingyearsofmycollegestudy.
2.Do“LuckyNumbers”ReallyBringGoodLuck?
Therearepeoplewhobelievethatsomenumbersbringgoodluck,whileothersbringbadluck.Forinstance,inChinathenumbereightisthoughttobelucky.TurningourattentiontotheWest,wefindthatthenumbersevenisconsideredlucky,butthenumber13isavoidedliketheplague.
Inspiteofalltheseclaims,mostpeoplewouldagreethatthereislittleevidencethatnumbershaveanyinfluenceonourlives.Infact,theysay,thereverseseemstobethecase.Foronething,wemightexpectcalculatorstobreakdowneverytimetheynotethenumber13,andforanother,althougheveryweekhassevendaysweknowthatnoteveryweekisluckyforus.
Weighingtheprosandconsofthesearguments,Iaminclinedtoagreewiththelatterpointofview.Itisobviousthatthereisnoscientificbasisforthebeliefthatthereisaconnectionbetweenluckandnumbers.Allinall,itseemstometobesuperstition.
3.MyViewonJob-Hopping
Job-hopping,orfrequentchangeofjobs,isbecomingincreasinglycommoninChinatoday.Astheeconomygrows,moreopportunitiesforemploymentareappearingthanbefore.Theresultisthatpeople,especiallyyoungpeople,aretemptedtochangejobsfrequently,seekinghighersalariesormoreinterestingpositions.
Nevertheless,manypeopleprefertostayintheiroldjobs.Thisispartlybecausetheyfeelloyaltotheirworkunits,andpartlybecausetheydisliketheideaofhavingtospendmuchtimetrainingforanewjob.Inaddition,althoughanewjobmayofferhigherpayormoreopportunitiesforpromotion,itmaybelocatedfarfromhomeandbeinconvenienttoreach.
Ithinkitisagoodthingfortheworkforcetobeflexible,sothatnewdemandsforpersonnelcanbesatisfiedquickly.However,ifapersonchangesjobstoooften,heorshewillcauselossestotheemployingunits.Moreover,frequentjob-hoppingpreventsapersonfromgainingvaluablejobexperienceanddevelopinggoodworkhabits.
(二)解决问题型
7.ReduceWasteonCampus
(a)
Nobodycouldhavefailedtonoticethefactthatwastinghasbecomeagraveprobleminmanycampuses.Inthedininghall,muchfoodareleftintheplatesanddumpedintothetrashcan.Intheclassroom,blankorhalfblankpiecesofpaperareleftonthedesks.Inthedormbuilding,tapsareleftopenandwaterleftrunningordrippingallthetime.Andtherecanbemoresuchexamples.
Inviewoftheexpandingpopulationandtheshortageofvariousresources,wastingisreallyaharmfulhabit.Itputstrainsonthealreadyshortsupplyoffood,water,electricityandthelike.Besides,itgoesagainsttraditionalvirtueofhardworkan
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