工程英语.docx
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工程英语.docx
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工程英语
工程英语
国际工程设计院编制
2009年10月
ListofContents
SectionOne
HydraulicStructure
PartOne
Damengineering
Chapter1Elementsofdamengineering
1.1General
Theconstructionofdamsrankswiththeearliestandmostfundamentalofcivilengineeringactivities.Allgreatcivilizationshavebeenidentifiedwiththeconstructionofstoragereservoirsappropriatetotheirneeds,intheearliestinstancestosatisfyirrigationdemandsarisingthroughthedevelopmentandexpansionoforganizedagriculture.Operatingwithinconstraintsimposedbylocalcircumstance,notablyclimateandterrain,theeconomicpowerofsuccessivecivilizationswasrelatedtoproficiencyinwaterengineering.Prosperity,healthandmaterialprogressbecameincreasinglylinkedtotheabilitytostoreanddirectwater.
Inaninternationalcontext,theproperandtimelyutilizationofwaterresourcesremainsoneofthemostvitalcontributionsmadetosocietybythecivilengineer.Damconstructionrepresentsamajorinvestmentinbasicinfrastructurewithinallnations.Theannualcompletionratefordamsofallsizescontinuestoexpandsteadilyinmanycountries.e.g.ChinaandTurkey,andtoalesserdegreeinsomemoreheavilyindustrializednations.
Damsareindividuallyuniquestructures.Irrespectiveofsizeandtypetheydemonstrategreatcomplexityintheirloadresponseandintheirinteractiverelationshipwithsitehydrologyandgeology.Inrecognitionofthis,andreflectingtherelativelyindeterminatenatureofmanmajordesigninputs,damengineeringisnotastylizedandformalscience.Aspracticed,itisahighlyspecialistactivitywhichdrawsuponmanyscientificdisciplinesandbalancesthemwithalargeelementofengineeringjudgement;damengineeringisthusauniquelychallengingandstimulatingfieldofendeavour.
1.2Introductoryperspectives
1.2.1Structuralphilosophyandgenerictypesofdams
Theprimarypurposeofadammaybedefinedastoprovideforthesaferetentionandstorageofwater.Asacorollarytothiseverydammustrepresentadesignsolutionspecifictoitssitecircumstances.Thedesignthereforealsorepresentsanoptimumbalanceoflocaltechnicalandeconomicconsiderationsatthetimeofconstruction.
Reservoirsarereadilyclassifiedinaccordancewiththeirprimarypurpose,e.g.irrigation,watersupply,hydroelectricpowergeneration,riverregulation,floodcontrol,etc.Damsareofnumeroustypes,andtypeclassificationissometimeslessclearlydefined.Aninitialbroadclassificationintotwogenericgroupscanbemadeintermsoftheprincipalconstructionmaterialemployed.
1.Embankmentdamsareconstructedofearthfilland/orrockfill.Upstreamanddownstreamfaceslopesaresimilarandofmoderateangle,givingawidesectionandahighconstructionvolumerelativetoheight.
2.Concretedamsareconstructedofmassconcrete.Faceslopesaredissimilar,generallysteepdownstreamandnearverticalupstream,anddamshaverelativelyslenderprofilesdependentuponthetype.
Thesecondgroupcanbeconsideredtoincludealsoolderdamsofappropriatestructuraltypeconstructedinmasonry.TheprincipaltypesofdamswithinthetwogenericgroupsareidentifiedinTable1.1.EssentialcharacteristicsofeachgroupandstructuraltypearedetailedfurtherinSections1.3and1.4.
Embankmentdamsarenumericallydominantfortechnicalandeconomicreasons,andaccountforanestimated85-90%ofalldamsbuilt.Olderandsimplerinstructuralconceptthantheearlymasonrydam,theembankmentutilizedlocallyavailableanduntreatedmaterials.Astheembankmentdamevolvedithasprovedtobeincreasinglyadaptabletoawiderangeofsitecircumstances.Incontrast,concretedamsandtheirmasonrypredecessorsaremoredemandinginrelationtofoundationconditions.Historically,theyhavealsoprovedtobedependentuponrelativelyadvancedandexpensiveconstructionskillsandplant.
1.2.2Statisticalperspective
Statisticsarenotavailabletoconfirmthetotalnumberofdamsinserviceworldwide.AccuratestatisticaldataareconfinedtolargedamsenteredinternationallistingsintheWorldRegisterofDams,publishedbytheInternationalCommissiononLargeDams(ICOLD.1998).
ICOLDisanon-governmentalbutinfluentialorganizationrepresentativeofsome80majordam-buildingnations.Itexiststopromotetheinterchangeofideasandexperienceinallareasofdesign,construction,andoperation,includingrelatedenvironmentalissues.LargedamsaredefinedbyICOLDasdamsexceeding15minheightorinthecaseofdamsof10-15mheight,satisfyingoneofcertainothercriteria,e.g.astoragevolumeinexcessof1l06m3oraflooddischargecapacityofover2000m3/setc.TheWorldRegisterof1988(ICOLD.l988a)identified36235largedamscompletedorunderconstruction.Ofthistotal,whichexcludeds
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