1229中国简史英语版本二.docx
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1229中国简史英语版本二.docx
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1229中国简史英语版本二
中国简史【英语版本二】
张铁城2016、12、29发送
ABriefHistory
OfChina
Confucianism:
RationalHumanism
Thefirst,mostfamous,andcertainlymostinfluentialChinese
philosopherandteacherwasK'ung-fu-tzu("MasterK'ung,theSage,"551-479
B.C.),knownintheWestasConfuciusafterJesuitmissionariestoChinain
theseventeenthcenturylatinizedhisname.
LaterConfucianistsattributedtothemastertheroleofcomposingor
editingtheFiveConfucianClassics(twobooksofhistoryandonebookeachon
poetry,divination,andceremonies),whichwereinlargepartaproductofthe
earlyChouperiod.Buttheonlyworkthatcanbeaccuratelyattributedto
ConfuciusistheAnalects("SelectedSayings"),acollectionofhisresponses
tohisdisciples'questions.
Confucius,whobelongedtotheloweraristocracy,wasmoreorlessa
contemporaryoftheBuddhainIndia,ZoroasterinPersia,andtheearly
philosophersofGreece.LiketheBuddhaandZoroaster,Confuciuslivedina
troubledtime-anageofpoliticalandsocialturmoil-andhisprime
concern,liketheirs,wastheimprovementofsociety.Toachievethisgoal,
Confuciusdidnotlooktothegodsandspiritsforassistance;heacceptedthe
existenceofHeaven(T'ien)andspirits,butheinsisteditwasmoreimportant
"toknowtheessentialdutiesofmanlivinginasocietyofmen.""Wedon't
knowyethowtoservemen,"hesaid,"howcanweknowaboutservingthe
spirits?
"And,"Wedon'tyetknowaboutlife,howcanweknowaboutdeath?
"He
advisedarulerto"respecttheghostsandspiritsbutkeepthemata
distance"and"devoteyourselftotheproperdemandsofthepeople."
Confuciusbelievedthattheimprovementofsocietywastheresponsibility
oftherulerandthatthequalityofgovernmentdependedontheruler'smoral
character:
"Theway(Tao)oflearningtobegreatconsistsinshiningwiththe
illustriouspowerofmoralpersonality,inmakinganewpeople,inabidingin
thehighestgoodness."Confucius'definitionoftheWayas"moralpersonality"
and"thehighestgoodness"wasindecidedcontrasttotheoldpremoralWayin
whichgodsandspirits,propitiatedbyofferingsandritual,regulatedhuman
lifeforgoodorill.Aboveall,Confucius'newWaymeantaconcernforthe
rightsofothers,theadherencetoaGoldenRule:
Tzu-king[adisciple]askedsaying,"Isthereanysinglesaying
thatonecanactuponalldayandeveryday?
"TheMastersaid,
"Perhapsthesayingaboutconsideration:
'Neverdotootherswhat
youwouldnotlikethemtodotoyou.'"^4
[Footnote4:
QuotedinJackFinegan,TheArcheologyofWorldReligions
(Princeton,NJ:
PrincetonUniversityPress,1952),p.351]
AlthoughConfuciuscalledhimself"atransmitterandnotacreator,"his
redefinitionofTaowasaradicalinnovation.Hewas,ineffect,puttingnew
wineintooldbottles.Hedidthesamethingwithtwootherkeyterms,liand
chun-tzu.Li,meaning"honorablebehavior,"wasthechivalriccodeofthe
constantlyfightingchun-tzu,thehereditaryfeudal"noblemen"oftheChou
period.AsrefinedandreinterpretedbyConfucius,licametoembodysuch
ethicalvirtuesasrighteousnessandloveforone'sfellowhumans.The
chun-tzu,undertheinfluenceofthenewdefinitionofli,became"noblemen,"
or"gentlemen,"whosesocialoriginswerenotimportant.AsConfuciussaid,
"Thenoblemanunderstandswhatisright;theinferiormanunderstandswhatis
profitable."Confucius'teachingshavehadagreaterandlonger-lasting
influenceonChina,andmuchofEastAsia,thanthoseofanyother
philosopher.
Taoism:
IntuitiveMysticism
AsecondphilosophicalreactiontothetroubledlifeofthelateChou
periodwastheteachingofLao-tzu("OldMaster"),asemi-legendaryfigurewho
wasbelievedtohavebeenacontemporaryofConfucius.AswithConfucius,the
keyterminLao-tzu'steachingisTao,fromwhichhisphilosophyderivesits
name.ButwhileConfuciusdefinedTaoasarationalstandardofethicsin
humanaffairs,Lao-tzugaveitametaphysicalmeaning-thecourseofnature,
thenaturalandinevitableorderoftheuniverse.
ThegoalofTaoism,likeConfucianism,isahappylife.Lao-tzubelieved
thatthisgoalcouldbeachievedbylivingalifeinconformitywithnature,
retiringfromthechaosandevilsofcontemporaryWarringStatessocietyand
shunninghumaninstitutionsandopinionsasunnaturalandartificial"outside
things."ThusattheheartofTaoistthoughtistheconceptofwu-wei,or
"nonaction"-amanneroflivingwhich,likenatureitself,isnonassertive
andspontaneous.Lao-tzupointedoutthatinnatureallthingsworksilently;
theyfulfilltheirfunctionand,aftertheyreachtheirbloom,theyreturnto
theirorigins.UnlikeConfucius'idealgentleman,whoisconstantlyinvolved
insocietyinorder
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