语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版.docx
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语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版.docx
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语言学教程复习题与答案胡壮麟版
语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第四章)
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
1.Syntaxisasubfiedoflinguisticsthatstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage,includingthecombinationofmorphemesintowords.2.Grammaticalsentencesareformedfollowingasetofsyntacticrules.3.Sentencesarecomposedofsequenceofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorder,withoneaddingontoanotherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.4.Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeak-erareknownaslinguisticcompetence.5.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.6.Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.
7.Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.8.Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.9.InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.10.InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.11.Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.12.Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.13.Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.14.WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglishwhichchangesasentencefromaffirmative
tointerrogative.II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
15.Assentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasub-jectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsowns
entence.16.Asisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprise
sanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.1
7.Asmaybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallypre
cedesthepredicate.18.Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalledp.19.Acsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clause
s,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.20.Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledaneclause.21.
Majorlexicalcategoriesareocategoriesinthesensethatnewwordsare
constantlyadded.22.AConditiononcaseassignmentstatesthataca
seassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.23.P
aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinonewayoranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweena
ndamongnaturalIanguages.24.ThetheoryofCconditionexplainsthef
actthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.lII.Therearefourgivenchoicesforeachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:
25.Asentenceisconsideredwhenitdoesnot
conformtothegrammatical-calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.
A.rightB.wrongC.grammaticalD.ungrammatical26.Ain
theembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheem
beddedclause.A.coordinatorB.particleC.prepositionD.subordinator27.Phrasestructureruleshaveproperties.A.recursiveB.grammatica
lC.socialD.functional28.Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterund
erstand
A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.B.whatconstitutesthegrammati
calityofstringsofwordsC.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesent
encesD.Alloftheabove.29.Syntacticmovementisdictatedbyrulestraditi
onallycalled.A.transformationalrulesB.generativerulesC.phrases
tructurerulesD.x-bartheory30.Thetheoryofcaseconditionaccountsforth
efactthat.A.nounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpo
sitions.B.nounphrasescanbeusedtomodifyanothernounphraseC.nounphrasecanbeusedinadverbialpositionsD.nounphrasecanbemovedto
anyplaceifnecessary.31.Thesentencestructureis.A.onlylinear
B.OnlyhierarchicalC.complexD.bothlinearandhierarchical32.ThesyntacticrulesofanyIanguageareinnumber.
A.largeB.smallC.finiteD.infinite33.Therulesarethe
rulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences
A.lexicalB.morphologicalC.linguisticD.combinational34.rul
esmaychangethesyntacticrepresentationofasentence.A.GenerativeB.TransformationalC.X-barD.PhrasestructureIV.Definethefollowingter
ms:
35.syntax36.Sentence37.coordinatesentence38.syntacticcategories
39.grammaticalrelations40.linguisticcompetenee41.transformationalrule
s42.D-structureV.Answerthefollowingquestions:
43.Whatarethebasiccomponentsofasentence?
44.Whatarethemajorty
pesofsentences?
Illustratethemwithexamples.45.Aretheelementsinas
entencelinearlystructured?
Why?
46.Whataretheadvantagesofusingtree
diagramsintheanalysisofsentencestructures?
47.WhatisNPmovement.Illustrateitwithexamples.
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
l.F2.
T3.F4.T5.T6.T7.T8.F9.F10.T11.F12.T13.T14.TII.Fillineac
hofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
1
5.simple,16.sentence17.subject18.predicate19.complex20.embedded21.
open22.adjacency23.Parameters24.CaseIII.Therearefourgivenchoicesfo
reachstatementbelow.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatemen
t:
25.D26.D27.
A28.D29.A30.
A31.
D32.
C33.D34.
BIV.Define
the
following
terms:
35.syntax:
Syntax
isasubfield
of
linguistics.
Itstudies
the
sentence
structure
ofIanguage.
Itconsists
of
a
set
ofabstract
rulesthat
allo
wwords
tobecombinedwith
other
words
to
form
grammatical
sentences.
3
6.Sentence:
Asentenceisastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycompri
Normally,
asentence
consists
ofat
least
asubject
andapredicatewhich
co
ntainsa
finiteverbor
averb
phrase.
37.
coordinate
sentence:
Acoordinate
s
entence
containstwo
clauses
joined
bya
linkingwordcalled
coordinating
co
njunction,
suchas"and","but'
:
"or".
38.
syntactic
categories:
Apartfrom
sen
sesanumber
ofwordstoformacompletestatement.
question
orcommand.
tencesandclauses,asyntacticcategoryusuallyreferstoaword(calledale
xicalcategory)oraphrase(calledaphrasalcategory)thatperformsaparticulargrammaticalfunction.39.grammaticalrelations:
Thestructuralandlogica
lfunctionalrelationsofconstituentsarecalledgrammaticalrelations.Thegra
mmaticalrelationsofasentenceconcernthewayeachnounphraseinthesentencerelatestotheverb.Inmanycases,grammaticalrelationsinfactrefer
towhodoeswhattowhom.40.linguisticcompetenee:
Universallyfoundint
hegrammarsofallhumanIanguages,syntacticrulescomprisethesystemof
internalizedlinguisticknowledgeofaIanguagespeakerknownaslinguisticc
ompetence.41.Transformationalrules:
Transformationalrulesaretherulestha
hebasiccomponentsofasentence?
Normally,asentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectanditspredicatewhichcontainsafiniteverboraverbphrase.4
4.Whatarethemajortypesofsentences?
Illustratethemwithexamples.T
oryexam.Acomplexsentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.Thetwoclausesinacomplexsentencedon
othaveequalstatus,oneissubordinatetotheother.Forexam-ple:
BeforeJ
ohngaveheralecture,Maryshowednointerestinlin-guistics.45.Aretheelementsinasentencelinearlystructured?
Why?
No.Languageisbothline
arlyandhierarchicallystructured.Whenasentenceisutteredorwrittendown,
thewordsofthesentenceareproducedoneafteranotherinasequenee.A
closerexaminationofasentenceshowsthatasentenceisnotcomposedof
sequeneeofwordsarrangedinasimplelinearorderwithoneaddingontoan
otherfollowingasimplearithmeticlogic.Infact,sen-tencesarealsohierarchi
callystructured.Theyareorga-nizedbygroupingtogetherwordsofthesame
syntacticcategory,suchasnounphrase(NP)orverbphrase(VP),ascanb
eseenfromthefollowingtreediagram:
SN
PVPDetNVtNPDe
tN
The
boylikesthe
music.
46.
Whatare
the
advant
agesof
usingtree
diagramsintheanalysis
ofsentence
structures?
Thetre
ediagram
cannot
onlyrevealalinearorder,
butalso
a
hierarchical
structure
thatgroupswords
intostructuralconstituents.
Itcan,
in
addition,
showthe
syntactic
category
ofeachstructuralconstituent,thus
it
isbelieved
to
mostt
ruthfully
illustrate
theconstituentrelationship
among
linguisticelements.
47.
WhatisNPmovement.Illustrateitwithexamples.NPmovementin-volvesthe
movementofanounphrase.NP-movementoccurswhen,forexample,asentencechangesfromtheactivevoicetothepassivevoice:
(A)Themanbeatthechild.(B).Thechildwasbeatenbytheman.Bistheresultofthemovementofthenounphrases"theman"and"thechild"fromtheiroriginalposi
tionsin(A)tonewpositions.Thatis,"theman"ispostposedtotherightan
d"thechild"ispreposedtotheleft.N
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