discrimination against blacks in 21st century分析二十一世纪美国对黑人的种族歧视大学论文.docx
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discrimination against blacks in 21st century分析二十一世纪美国对黑人的种族歧视大学论文.docx
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discriminationagainstblacksin21stcentury分析二十一世纪美国对黑人的种族歧视大学论文
铜仁学院
本科生毕业论文
题目AnalysisoftheAmericanRacial
Discriminationagainst
BlacksonContemporary
分析二十一世纪美国对黑人的种族歧视
系别外国语言文学系
专业英语
姓名
指导教师
截稿日期2012年5月
Contents
Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………………..ⅰ
Abstract…………….……………………………………….......................................ⅱ
I.Introduction…...…………………………………………………………….………………1
II.TheFormsandReasonsofRacialDiscriminationagainstBlackPeople……………2
2.1TheFormsofRacialDiscriminationagainstBlackPeople………………….…2
2.1.1TheFieldofEducation……………………………………………….……………2
2.1.2LaborMarket…………………………………………………………….…………3
2.1.3CriminalJusticeSystem…………………………………………………………4
2.2TheReasonsofRacialDiscriminationagainstBlackPeople.....………………….4
2.2.1PoliticalReason…………………………………………………………….………4
2.2.2CulturalReason…………………………………………………………….………5
2.2.3EconomicalReason…………………………………………………………………5
2.2.4ReasonsonBlackPeopleThemselves…………………………………………6
III.TheWayofBlacksandGovernment’sFightagainstRacialDiscrimination…….…6
3.1FamousBlackLeadersagainstRacialDiscrimination…………………………6
3.2TheWayofBlacksandGovernment’sFightagainstRacialDiscrimination…7
3.3InternationalOrganizationsFightagainstRacialDiscrimination………………9
IV.Conclusion……………………………………………………………...…………………10
References………………………………………………………….………….……………11
Acknowledgements
Imustshowmysincerethankstothosewhoofferedmealargenumberofhelpduringthecourseofmyresearch.
First,ImustshowmythankstomysupervisorMr.Tangwhoseencouragement,enthusiasticinstruction,valuableadvicehaveahugeinfluenceonmyresearch,whichhavegreatlycontributedtothecompletionofmythesis.
Second,IamalsogratefultothoseChineseandforeigntranslators.Withthehelpofthem,Igotplentyofabundantandusefulreferentialmaterials,withoutthemIcouldn’tcompletemyresearchsmoothly.
Finally,Ialsogivemythankstomydearteachersandclassmateswhoseencouragementsgreatlysupportmeleadtosuccess.Thanksalotagain.
AnalysisoftheAmericanRacialDiscrimination
againstBlacksonContemporary
Abstract:
RacialdiscriminationinAmericacandatebacktoEuropeanslavetradeperiod.ItisadeepsocialproblemintheUnitedStatesbecauseblacksandotherminorethnicgroupsarelivinginthebottomoftheAmericansociety.
RacialdiscriminationisaveryserioussocialprobleminAmericanandstillexistsnowadays.Therearemanyreasonscausehumanhistoricalracialdiscrimination.Cultural、historicalandpoliticalfactorsarethesourcesofAmericanblackracialdiscrimination.However,blackstohavetherightswithwhitestherearemanypeopleinAmericaalwaysarebusywithfightingagainstracialdiscrimination.
Keywords:
Americanracialdiscriminationagainst
摘要:
美国种族歧视可以追溯到欧洲奴隶贸易时期。
种族歧视是一个深深植根于美国的社会弊病,因为在美国,黑人和其他少数民族处于美国社会的最底层。
种族歧视是美国国内的一个尖锐的一直存在的社会问题。
文化,历史以及政治等都是种族歧视产生的原因。
但是,黑人为了获得同白人一样的权利,很多的人一直在反抗种族歧视。
结果在一定程度上获得了同白人一样的权利,但是是一个艰难的过程。
关键词:
美国种族歧视反抗
Ⅰ.Introduction
Nowadays,wecanstillfeeltheexistenceofracialdiscrimination.Asweallknow,MichaelJacksonmightbetheworld’smostfamoussingerwhowasborninanAfrican-Americanfamilywithinbornskinblack.Nobodyknowswhyhechangedhisskincolorfromblacktowhite.
RacialdiscriminationalwaystroubledtheUnitedStatessinceAmericawasbuilt,African-American,Latinos,Asian-Americanandotherminoritygroupshavebeendiscriminatedinmanyfields.RacialdiscriminationisacommontopicandafterMartinLutherKing’sfamousspeech---Ihaveadreamwhichwasheardbythroughouttheworld,theanti-discriminationcampaignisnotonlythebusinessofblackpeopleinAmerica,butbecomestheallworld’ssoundsofheart.Butit‘snotenough.Ifwetakeafurtherstepandlookatitdeeper,wewillfindthatweinthepositionwheremanyproblemsarewaitingandtheworldisfarfrombeingtheidealisticworldwearewhatwewant.
Theblackexistasaminorrace,buttheircontributiontoAmerica’sdevelopmentcannotbeignored.Theyareminorrace;howevertheirpopulationcountsfor12.2%ofthewholepopulationofAmerica(Robey1987.1.31).Fromtheangleofpopulation,wecanknowthattheblackhavedonemanyjobsintheAmericanlabormarket.Besides,theyplayaverysignificantroleinthedevelopmentoftheAmericaneconomyandintheurbanization.BecausetheCivilWarmanyoftheblackimmigratedtothecitiesintheNorthandtheWestofAmerica.In1960,Washingtonwastheonlycityinwhichtheblacks’populationtookuphalfofthewholepopulation.Butin1980,thenumberofthiskindofcityhadincreasedto9.Thesocialphenomenonwascalledas“BlackUrbanization”.Itacceleratedtheprocessofthemeltingoftheblackandthewhite.
Fortheracialdiscriminationisthebusinessofallovertheworld,itisnecessarytostudytheoriginoftheracialdiscrimination.Asanationofimmigrant,theUnitedStateshasapopulationwhichconsistsofmanydifferentracialandethicgroups.Oneoftheseethicsistheblack.Theblacklivedapeacefulandhappylifetillthefirstintruderbegantheirdirtyandbloodyhuman-tradingbusiness.Sincethe17thcentury,theblackwereshippedtoAmericaandthenumberoftheblackwasupto400thousand(Sowell1993:
187).Afterthat,thetragediesfellontheblackpeopleoneafteranother.ThesocialstatusofblackpeoplehadbeenimprovedaftertheCivilWar;howevertheystillhadtofaceunfairtreatmentsfromthewholesociety.Althoughtheblackgottheirfreedomandbecameapartofthesocietytosomeextent,theyfeltthattheyweretreateddifferently.Howtosolvetheproblemistowhichnobodycanfindapromptsolution.
Ⅱ.TheFormsandReasonsofRacialDiscriminationagainstBlacks
Wecanseethatracialdiscriminationisnotasstrongas50yearsagobecausemanypeoplefightagainstracialdiscrimination.Blackpeoplenowtakeonsomeveryrespectfuljobs,suchaslawyers,TVprogramdesigners,anddoctors,theygetrespectfromothersinsomedegree.But,ifweseeitmuchdeeper,wewillfindthatracialdiscriminationisstillverycommononcontemporarysociety,onlyittakessubtleforms.
2.1TheFormsofRacialDiscriminationagainstBlacks
Livinginthe21stcentury,wecanstillfeeltheexistenceofracialdiscrimination.Racialdiscriminationagainstblacksmainlyincludesthreeparts.Theyareasfollows.
2.1.1TheFieldofEducation
Whentalkingabouttheculturalfield,theaspectofeducationcannotbeneglected,especiallyforchildrenoftheblack.In1930,only58.5%blackpeoplecouldenterschools,butin1980s,theblackchildrencouldhavethesamechancetoenterschools(GilbertandKarl1992:
92).In1965,theMiddleSchoolEducationActacceleratedthestepofeliminatingthesystemofracialsegregation.Moreandmoreblackchildrencouldenterthesameschoolasthewhitechildren(Franklin1988:
567).Previousstudieshavesuggestedthatinresponsetooccupationalandeducationaldiscriminationbasedontherace,manyAfricanAmericanstudentshavementallywithdrawnfromtheschoolingprocess,asindicatedbylowlevelsofachievementandhighlevelsofschooldropout.Before1954,thestatesintheSouthhadlegislationwhichindicatedthattheblackchildrenwereforbiddentoentertheschoolwherethewhitechildrenwereeducated.In1960,therewere589schoolsinNewYork,butonly95schoolswhereblackchildrenwerepermittedtoreceivetheireducation.Theblackchildrengrowupintheenvironmentofbeingtreatedlikeanothercreaturefromanotherplanet.
“Inrecentyearstherehasbeenaresurgenceofracialconflictatpredominantlywhiteinstitutionsofhighereducation.IncidentsofharassmentandviolenceattheUniversityofMichigan,theUniversityofMassachusetts,andothercampuseshavehighlightedtheconstitutingracialdivisionsamongmajorityandminoritystudents.Theseincidentshaveemergedduringaperiodwhenthesociety,ingeneral,hasexpressedconcernaboutthedecliningenrollmentofracialminorities—particularlyblacksinhighereducation.”(TheUrbanReview1988:
Vol.20,No.3)
2.1.2LaborMarket
ThehighrateofunemploymentoftheblackappearedaftertheSecondWorldWar.In1946,theJobManagementCommunitydeclaredthattherewasnoworkforblacks.Theneachfactorycutdownthenumberofblackworkers.OwingtotheSecondWorldWar,therateofunemploymentoftheblackwastwiceofwhites.From1952to1954,therateofunemploymentoftheblacksincreasedfrom5.4%to9.9%(Herbert1965:
367).Equalityinemploymentandsalarydidnotexist.In1954,theaverageincomeoftheblacksperhourwaslower1.90dollarthanthewhites’(Raphael1993:
532).“Blackmen’saveragewagesin1975were$4.65,78%ofthewhitemalewage.”(Reimers1983:
570)StatisticsprovidedbytheUnitedStatesDepartmentofLaborsuggestthatbyNovember2004,theunemploymentrateforblackandwhitepeopleis10.8percentand4.7percentrespectively.Accordingtosomestatistics,blackpeople’sincomeisjust1/3ofthewhitepeople’seveniftheyaredoingthesamejob.That’sofcourseduetothediscriminationinthelabormarket.Onthewhole,thecoloredpeoplearegenerallypoor,withlivingbadcondition.Statisticsshowthatthenumberofblackpeoplelivinginpovertyisthreetimesthatofthewhite.
2.1.3CriminalJusticeSystem
Themostcommonscenethatappearsinourheadwhentalkingabouttheracialdiscriminationisthatmanyblackpeoplearejammedinacell.Hereissomeofficialreport:
Bytheendof2003,outof1.4millionprisonerswhoareservingjailtermsaboveoneyearatthefederalorstateprisons,
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