InternationalBusinessLaw国际商法复习重点.docx

InternationalBusinessLaw国际商法复习重点.docx

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InternationalBusinessLaw国际商法复习重点

Lecture1IntroductiontoInternationalBusinessLaw

1.ClassificationofLaws

Allthelawsintheworldcanbeclassifiedinto:

1）Internationallaws

2）Municipallaws

2.WhatisInternationalLaw?

Traditionally,InternationalLawisalsocalledtheLawofNationsorPublicInternationalLaw,anditdealswiththeinternationalrelationshipbetweenthestates.

3.WhatisMunicipalLaw?

Whereasinternationallawgovernsrelationsbetweenstates,institutions,andindividualsacrossnationalboundaries,municipallawgovernsthesesamepersons（includingtheprivateorcommercialconductofforeignstates）withintheboundariesofaparticularstate.

Comparativelawyersclassifycountriesintolegalfamilies.ThetwomostwidelydistributedfamiliesaretheRomano-GermaniccivillawandtheAnglo-Americancommonlaw.

4.WhatisInternationalBusinessLaw?

Internationalbusinesslawisthebodyofrulesandnormsthatregulatesactivitiescarriedoutoutsidethelegalboundariesofstates.Inparticular,itregulatesthebusinesstransactionsofprivatepersonsinternationally,andtheinternationalrelationshipsofinternationalcommercialorganizations.

Incomparisonwiththetraditionalinternationalbusinesslaw,contemporaryinternationalbusinesslawcoversmuchmoreextensively,suchaslawfortheinternationaltradingofgoods,companylaw,negotiableinstrumentlaw,maritimelaw,insurancelaw,lawofinternationaltechnologytransfer,industrialpropertylaw,internationalinvestmentlaw,internationalfinanciallaw,internationaltaxlaw,lawofinternationaldisputesettlement.

《国际商法》（英文版）姜作利法律出版社

5.SourcesofInternationalLaw

●TreatiesandConventions

●Treatiesarelegallybindingagreementsbetweentwoormorestates.Conventionsarelegallybinding

agreementsbetweenstatessponsoredbyinternationalorganizations.

●Custom

●Someruleshavebeenaroundforsuchalongtimeoraresogenerallyacceptedthattheyaredescribedas

customarylaw.

●GeneralPrinciplesandJusCogens

6.SourcesofMunicipalLaw

●Constitution

●Code&Laws

●CourtJudgment

7.PersonsinInternationalLaw

●States

Statesarepoliticalentitiesthathaveaterritory,apopulation,agovernmentcapableofenteringintointernationalrelations,andagobvernmentcapableofcontrollingitsterritoryandpeoples.

●InternationalOrganizations

AccordingtotheUnitedNationsCharter,therearetwokindsofinternationalorganizations:

（1）publicorintergovernmentalorganizations（IGOs）and

（2）privateornongovernmentalorganizations（NGOs）.

8.PersonsinMunicipalLaw

●Individual（NaturalPerson）

●LegalPerson

9.TheRightsofIndividualsUnderInternationalLaw

Internationallawlooksuponindividualsintwodifferentways:

（1）itignoresthemor

（2）ittreatsthemasitssubjects.Thetraditionalviewistoignorethem.Thisisbasedontheideathatinternationallawappliesonlytostates.

10.MunicipalLegalSystem–CivilLawSystem

●Thecivillawsystemisthegeneraltypologyoflegalsystemsfoundinmostcountries.Itisanalternative

tocommonlawsystemandhasitsrootsinRomanLaw.ItisemployedbyalmosteverycountrythatwasnotacolonyoftheBritishEmpire.

●Inmostjurisdictionsthecivillawiscodifiedintheformofacivilcodes,butinsome,likeScotlandit

remainsuncodified.MostcodesfollowthetraditionofCodeNapoléoninsomefashion.Notably,theGermancodewasdevelopedfromRomanlawwithreferencetoGermanlegaltradition.

●Civillawreliesonlegislation,ratherthanjudicialdecisionsforlaw.Civillawsystemdonotrecognize

judge-madelaw.

11.MunicipalLegalSystem–CommonLawSystem

●CommonlawisasystemoflawusedinEngland,allofthestatesoftheUnitedStates（exceptLouisiana）

andotherformerBritishpossessionssuchasAustralia,Canada（exceptQuebec）,India,Ireland,Jamaica,NewZealandandHongKong.

●TheCommonlawsystememphasizestheroleofjudgesindeterminingthemeaningoflawsandhowthey

apply.ItarosebeginningintheeleventhandtwelfthcenturiesastheEnglishmonarchappointedroyaljudgestoresolvedisputesinthenameoftheking（orqueen）.Astherearelittleformallawtoapplytomanydisputes,thedecisionshandeddownbythejudgesliterallymadethelaw.

12.ChineseLaw

●TheLawofChina,formostofthehistoryofChina,wasrootedintheConfucianphilosophyofsocial

control.TheseinfluencesremaininthecontemporarylegalsystemofthePeople'sRepublicofChina.

PRChasbeeninfluencedbyanumberofsourcesincludingtraditionalChineseviewstowardtheroleoflaw,thePRC'ssocialistbackground,theGerman-basedlawinTaiwanProvince,andtheEnglish-basedcommonlawusedinHongKongSAR.ThelawoftheUnitedStateshasalsobeenveryinfluentialparticularlyintheareaofbankingandsecuritieslaw.

Lecture2FormationoftheContract

1.Contract

Black‘sLawDictionarydefinesacontract―anagreementbetweentwoormorepartiescreatingobligationsthatareenforceableorotherwiserecognizableatlaw.

1）FormationoftheContract

2）EnforceabilityoftheContract

2.FormationoftheContract-Offer

Acontractisformedwhenanoffertobuyorsellagoodisaccepted.

●TheOffer

Anofferisaproposaladdressedtospecificpersonsindicatinganintentionbytheofferortobeboundtothesaleorpurfchaseofparticulargoodsforaprice.

●Requirements:

●Definiteness

Aproposalissufficientlydefiniteifitindicatesthegoodsandexpresslyorimplicitlyfixesormakesprovisionfordeterminingthequantityandtheprice.

●SpecificOfferees

3.InvitationtoOffer

Aninvitationtoofferorinvitationtotreatissimplyanexpressionofwillingnesstoenterintonegotiationswhich,itishoped,willleadtotheconclusionofacontractatalaterdate.

4.Displayofgoodsforsaleinasupermarket

●Case:

PharmaceuticalsocietyofGBv.BootsCashChemists

Bootsorganizedtheirshoponaself-servicebasis.Theywerechargedwithabreachofsection18

（1）ofthePharmacyandPoisonsAct1933,whichrequiredthatasaleofdrugstakeplaceunderthesupervisionofaregisteredpharmacist.Therewasnopharmacistpresentclosetotheshelves,butapharmacistsupervisedthetransactionatthecashdeskandwasauthorizedtopreventacustomerfrompurchasinganydrugifhethoughtfittodoso.

●Advertisement

Thegeneralruleisthatacommercialadvertisementisaninvitationtotreatratherthananoffer.InGermany,advertisementisonlyainvitationtooffer.Whileincommonlawlegalsystem,ifitcanbeprovedthatthemakeroftheadvertisementiswillingtobeboundbytheadvertisementandtheadvertisementhasclearlyprovidedsufficientinformationofthegoods,advertisementcanalsobeoffer.CISG:

anadvertisementispresumedtobeaninvitationunlessthecontraryisclearlyindictedbythepersonmakingtheproposal.

5.Casestudy:

Carlillv.CarbolicSmokeBall

Thedefendants,whowerethemanufacturersofthecarbolicsmokeball,issuedanadvertisementinwhichtheyofferedtopay100poundtoanypersonwhocaughtfluafterhavingusedoneoftheirsmokeballsinthespecifiedmanner,andtheydeposited1,000poundinthebanktoshowtheirgoodfaith.Theclaimantcaughtfluafterusingthesmokeballinthespecifiedmanner.Shesuedforthe100pound.

Thejudgeheldthattheadvertisementisanoffertothewholeworldandthatacontractwasmadewiththosepersonswhoperformedtheconditiononthefaithoftheadvertisement.

6.Auctionsales

Step1.Advertisementofauctionorastatementofauction

Step2.Theauctioneerinvitesthebids

Step3.Theprospectivebuyersbidsforthecommodity

Step4.Theauctioneerstrikesthetable.

Whichstepisoffer,andwhichstepisacceptance?

Case:

BritishCarAuctionsLtdv.Wright

7.Tenders

Whereapersoninvitestendersforaparticularproject,thegeneralruleisthattheinvitationtotenderissimplyaninvitationtotreat.Theofferismadebythepersonwhosubmitsthetenderandtheacceptanceismadewhenthepersoninvitingthetendersacceptsoneofthem.

8.EffectivenessofanOffer

●Anofferbecomeseffectiveonlyafteritreachestheofferee.

●Revocation

Offersthatdonotstatethattheyareirrevocablecanberevokedanytimebeforetheoffereedispatchesanacceptance.

●Withdrawal

●FirmOffers

Oneswheretheofferorpromisestokeeptheofferopenforafixedperiod.

9.Terminationofoffer

a.Theofferororoffereedied.

b.Noacceptancewassentbeforetheofferexpires.

c.Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,maybewithdrawnifthewithdrawalreachestheoffereebeforeoratthesametimeastheoffer.要约被撤回

d.Untilacontractisconcludedanoffermayberevokediftherevocationreachestheoffereebeforehehasdispatchedanacceptanc

e.要约被撤销

（2）However,anoffercannotberevokedunderCISG:

（a）ifitindicates,whetherbystatingafixedtimeforacceptanceorotherwise,thatitisirrevocable;or

（b）ifitwasreasonablefortheoffereetorelyontheofferasbeingirrevocableandtheoffereehasactedinrelianceontheoffer.

e.Anoffer,evenifitisirrevocable,isterminatedwhenarejectionreachestheofferor.

10.CaseofRevocationofoffer

Byrnev.VanTienhoven

Thedefendantssenttheclaimantsanofferon1October,whichreachedclaimantson10October,theclaimantacceptedtheofferbyfaxon11October.However,inthemeantime,thedefendantshadsent,on8October,aletterrevokingtheiroffer,whichreachedtheclaimantson20October.

Itwasheldthatacontractwasconcludedbetweenthepartieson11Octoberbecausethepurportedwithdrawalcouldnottakeeffectunti