the discrepancy of culture between china and the west英语专业论文本科学位论文.docx
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the discrepancy of culture between china and the west英语专业论文本科学位论文.docx
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thediscrepancyofculturebetweenchinaandthewest英语专业论文本科学位论文
中国某某某某学校
学生毕业设计(论文)
题目:
TheDiscrepancyofCulturebetweenChinaandtheWest
姓名:
0000000
班级、学号:
000000000000
系(部):
经济管理系
专业:
商务英语
指导教师:
0000000
开题时间:
2009-4-10
完成时间:
2009-10-30
2009年10月30日
目录
毕业设计任务书…………………………………………………1
毕业设计成绩评定表……………………………………………2
答辩申请书……………………………………………………3-5
正文……………………………………………………………6-22
答辩委员会表决意见……………………………………………23
答辩过程记录表…………………………………………………24
课题TheDiscrepancyofCulturebetweenChinaandtheWest
一、课题(论文)提纲
1引言
2中西方在生活方式和宗教信仰方面的差异
2.1中西方的生活方式
2.2中国的宗教信仰,以信奉道教、儒家思想和佛教为主。
2.2.1道教。
2.2.2儒家思想。
2.2.3佛教。
2.3西方的宗教信仰,以信奉基督教和天主教为主
2.3.1基督教。
2.3.2天主教。
3导致中西方差异的原因。
4怎样减小这种差异。
5结论
二、内容摘要
本文主要介绍了中西方国家在生活方式和宗教信仰两方面的情况,通过对比,发现其两者之间存在的差异。
本人认为,中西方国家在生活方式和宗教信仰方面存在的各种差异是由于中西国家巨大的文化差异造成的。
因此,要解决中西方国家在生活方式和宗教信仰方面引起的冲突,必须从文化的角度来考虑。
本文提出了解决中西文化差异的方法。
首先批判了在中西文化交流中出现的两种错误观点:
全盘西化和完全排斥西学;然后论述了加强中西文化的交流与融合才是中西文化发展的唯一道路这一论点。
三、参考文献
[1]朱永涛,王立李.英语国家社会与文化入门[M].高等教育出版社,2005年8月第2版.
[2]王新灵.中西方世界观及价值观的差异及其在行为方式中的表现[M].首都师范大学出版社,2009.
[3]王玉娟.中美家庭价值观的跨文化差异对比研究[M].山东大学出版社,2009.
[4]房泽庆.中西传统节日文化的比较[M].山东大学出版社,2009.
[5]刘向荣.宗教哲学视角下文明冲突现象研究[M].西安建筑科技大学出版社,2008.
[6]刘敏.语言交际与中西文化差异[M].西南师范大学出版社,2002.
[7]李英春.中西思维方式差异与中西语篇差异[M].山东师范大学出版社,2002.
TheDiscrepancyofCulturebetweenChinaandtheWest
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Abstract
Thispaperintroduceslifestylesandreligionsbetween ChinaandtheWest,andfindoutthediscrepancyoflifestyleandreligionbycomparingthem.Inmyopinion,thediscrepancyoflifestyleandreligioniscausedbythe discrepancyofculture betweenChinaandtheWest.Therefore,inordertoavoidthecollisionofdifferentlifestyleandreligionbetweenChinaandthewest,weshouldconsidereveryaspectonbasisofculture.Thispapermainlyprovidesthesolutiontothe discrepancyofculturebetweenChinaandtheWest.ItstartswiththecriticismovertwowrongideasintheChina-Westculturalexchanges:
thewholesalewesternizationandthecompleterejectionagainstwesternculture.ThenitputsforwardstheopinionthattheonlywayforthedevelopmentoftheChinesecultureandtheWesterncultureistostrengthenthecommunicationandblendingbetweenthetwocultures.
Keywords:
Discrepancyofculture;Lifestyle;Religion;Solution
1.Introduction
1.1Definitionofculture.
Mostsocialscientiststodayviewcultureasconsistingprimarilyofthesymbolic,ideational,andintangibleaspectsofhumansocieties.Theessenceofacultureisnotitsartifacts,tools,orothertangibleculturalelementsbuthowthemembersofthegroupinterpret,use,andperceivethem.Itisthevalues,symbols,interpretations,andperspectivesthatdistinguishonepeoplefromanotherinmodernizedsocieties;itisnotmaterialobjectsandothertangibleaspectsofhumansocieties.Peoplewithinacultureusuallyinterpretthemeaningofsymbols,artifacts,andbehaviorsinthesameorinsimilarways.Butsomeonesaidtheculture islearnedandsharedhumanpatternsormodelsforliving;day-to-daylivingpatterns.Thesepatternsandmodelspervadeallaspectsofhumansocialinteraction.Cultureismankind'sprimaryadaptivemechanism. Cultureis alsothecollectiveprogrammingofthemindwhichdistinguishesthemembersofonecategoryofpeoplefromanother.
Inthispaper,firstly,itmainlydescribesthe discrepancyoflifestyleandreligionbetween ChinaandtheWest.Thenitanalyzesthecausesleadingtothe discrepancyofculture betweenChinaandtheWest.Itfocusesontheanalysisofthedifferentculturesystemsandlanguagesystems.Theresultshowsthattheformationofthe discrepancyofculture betweenChinaandtheWestisneithertheworkofasingle-day,northeresultofacertainelement.Instead,itistheresultofthecomprehensiveelementsinthelonghistory.Intheend,itprobesthesolutiontothe discrepancyofculture betweenChinaandtheWest.
2.DiscrepancyoflifestyleandreligionbetweenChinaandthewest.
2.1ThelifestyleofChinaandthewest.
Chinesecultureistraditionallycenteredonthefamily,whichwasonceconsideredamicrocosmofsocietyasawhole.IntheoldtimesofChinesesociety,thefamilyprovidedsupportforeveryfamilymember,includinglivelihoodandlong—termsecurity.Extendedfamilyremainsexceedinglyimportant,withgrandparentscommonlyactingascaretakersforgrandchildwithadultchildrenworkingandfinanciallysupportingtheirageingparents.
Theendofcradle—to—gravewelfare(the‘ironricebowl’)hasbroughtincreasingpressureonfamilieswhostruggletomeettherisingcostsofhealthcareandeducation.EconomicpressureshavehadanimpactonmanyyoungChinesewhoareputtingoffmarriageorhavingchildrenuntilthey’veacquireenoughmoneytoensuretheir financialsecurity.It’sestimatedthattoday14%oftheChineseurbanhouseholdsconsistofasingleadultorchildlesscouplewhobothwork.SoChineseculturebasedonmasses.Peopleplacedfamilyaboveyourownself.Butwesterncultureisbasedonindividualismratherthanonmass.Forinstance,intheAmerican,Theyalwaystalkaboutindividualrights,insteadofplacingthewholefamilyabovetheirownself.Whenthechildrenare18yearsold,thatistosay,whentheybecomeadult,theymustearnmoneytofeedtheirownself.
Thewaytoexpressgratitudeisasortoflifestyleanditalsohasdifferences.Thinkofthesituationsbelow:
Yourmotherisbusyinthekitchen.Shesuddenlyasksyoutofetchabowlforher.Youdoso.What’llyourmother’sresponsebe?
Probablyshe’lljustcontinuedoingthecooking.Afterawhile,thedinnerisready.Yourmotherhandsyouyourbowlofrice.What’syourresponse?
Probablyjustbegintoeat.
That’swhatIwanttosay.InChinesefamilies,werarelysay“Thankyou”tootherfamilymembersforreceivinghelporservice.Neitherwillwesaysobetweengoodfriends.It’ssuchanunpopularresponsethatifyousayit,thecounterpartwillthinkyouaretreatinghimasastranger,otherwiseyouarelackingofintimacy.
ButinAmerica,"thankyou"isoneofthemostfrequentlyusedsentences.Teacherswillthankastudentforansweringaquestion;husbandswillthankhiswifeformakingacoffee.
Thewayspeopleeat,thatis,thetablemanner,reallydistinguishalot.Thereasonforthisisprobablybecauseofthedifferentdiningtoolsandmenus.
Chineseusechopsticks,orsometimesevengraspricestraightlywithhandsasIndiansdo.Thethinandlongchopstickscannotbeusedtocutfood,soweusuallyuseourteethtoactasknives.Weholdourfood,meatorvegetable,withthechopsticks,sendthemtothemouths,biteoffapartofitandremaintheotherpartonthechopsticks.That’stheusualwayweeat.Wearealsousedtoholdupourbowlswhenhavingriceorsoup.ButallthesehabitsareconsideredrudeintheWesterncountries.
TheetiquetteintheWestrequeststhatwheneating,bowlsandplatescannotleavethetables.Foodshouldbecutbyknivestofitintothemouths.Ofcourseyourmouthcannottouchtheplatesorbowls.Sotheregularprocessislikethis.Youcutyoursteakontheplatewithforkandknife,sendthemeatcubeintothemouthwithforkandnothingwillbereturnedbackbuttheforkalone.
2.2ThereligionofChina.
Chinesereligionhasbeeninfluencedbythreestreamsofhumanthought:
Taoism,ConfucianismandBuddhism.AllthreehavebeeninextricablyentwinedinpopularChinesereligionalongwithancientanimistbeliefs.ThefoundersofTaoism,ConfucianismandBuddhismhavebeendeified.TheChineseworshipthemandtheirdisciplesasferventlyastheyworshiptheirownancestorsandapantheonofgodsandspirits.
2.2.1Taoism
ItissaidthatTaoismistheonlytrue home-grownChinesereligion-Buddhismwasimportedfrom IndiaandConfucianismismainlyaphilosophy.Accordingtotradition,thefounderofTaoismwasaman knownasLaoTzuvariouslyspelledinwesternliteratureas"Laotse".Heissaidtohavebeenbornaroundtheyear604BC,butthereissomedoubtthatheeverlivedatall.Almostnothingisknownabouthim,notevenhisreal name.
ChuangTzupickedupwhereLaoTzuleftoff.ChuangTzuisregardedasthegreatestofallTaoistwritersandhiscollectionofstories,TheBookofChuangTzu,isstillrequiredreadingforanyonetryingtomakesenseofTaoism.
AtthecentreofTaoismistheconceptofTao.Taocannotbeperceivedbecauseitexceedssenses,thoughtsandimagination;itcanbeknownonlythroughmysticalinsightandcannotbeexpressedwithwords.TheWayandItsPoweradvisethattheTaothatcanbeexpressedisnottherealTao.Taoisthewayoftheuniverse,thedrivingpowerinnature,theorderbehindalllifeandthespiritthatcannotbeexhausted.Taoisthewaypeopleshouldordertheirlivestokeepinharmonywiththenaturalorderoftheuniverse.
2.2.2Confucianism
Confuciuswasbornofapoorfamilyaround551BCinthestateofLuinmodern-dayShandong.Hisambitionwastoholdahighgovernmentofficeandtoreordersocietythroughtheadministrativeapparatus.Atmostheseemstohavehadseveralinsignificantgovernmentposts,afewfollowersandapermanentlyblockedcareer.
Attheageof50heperceivedhisdivinemission,andforthenext13yearstrampedfromstatetostateofferingunsolicitedadvicetorulersonhowtoimprovetheirgoverning,whilelookingforanopportunitytoputhisownideasintopractice.Thatopportunitynevercame,andhereturnedtohisownstatetospendthelastfiveyearsofhislifeteachingandeditingclassicalliterature.Hediedin479BC,aged72.
TheglorificationofConfuciusbeganafterhisdeath.Mencius,orMengzi,helpedraiseConfuciusideals
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