湘湘的GRE ARGUMENT写作讲义.docx
- 文档编号:24309832
- 上传时间:2023-05-26
- 格式:DOCX
- 页数:12
- 大小:22.04KB
湘湘的GRE ARGUMENT写作讲义.docx
《湘湘的GRE ARGUMENT写作讲义.docx》由会员分享,可在线阅读,更多相关《湘湘的GRE ARGUMENT写作讲义.docx(12页珍藏版)》请在冰豆网上搜索。
湘湘的GREARGUMENT写作讲义
湘湘的GREARGUMENT写作讲义
1argument的特点
Attackthelogic
C-conclusionA-assumptionE-evidence
2argument整体结构
开头:
1归纳论点论据,指明逻辑漏洞个数(提炼原文主干,不要蜻蜓点水)
中间:
2,3,4分类攻击各个逻辑错误---独立与组合
结尾:
5总结归纳
3如何写开头段
发起攻击:
conclusion+evidence+flaws
PS:
conclusion出现在开头和结尾的情况占80%,中间占10%,先说后攻击再提出占10%
4开头段的具体表达方式
1Merelybasedupontheunfoundedassumptionanddubious/suspiciousevidence,thestatementdrawstheconclusionthat…C….Tosubstantiate/supportthisconclusion,thearguerpointsouttheevidencethat…E….Inaddition,heindicatesthat…E….Furthermore,hecitestheresultoftherecentsurveyinsupportof/infavorofthisrecommendation.Atfirstglance/admittedly/concededly,thisargumentappearstobesomewhatconvincing,butfurtherreflectionrevealsthatitomitssomesubstantialconcernsthatshouldbeaddressedintheargument.Fromthelogicalperspective,theargumentsuffersfromNlogicalflaws.
2Inthisargument,theauthorconcludesthat…C..Tosupporthisconclusion,theauthorpointsoutthat…E….Inaddition,heinfersthat…E….Furthermore,thearguercites….人/事…asatypicalexampleinsupportofthisrecommendation.However,therealonedonot/failtoconstitutealogicalargumentinfavorofitsconclusionandfailtoprovideconvincingsupport,makingthisargumentsoundandinvulnerable.
5如何写正文段
有些题目虽然错了,但演绎顺序合理.
有些题目虽然错了,但演绎顺序不合理.
6正文段首句写法
1Thethresholdproblemwiththisargumentisthat…
2Anotherproblemthatweakensthelogicofthisargumentisthat…
3BeforeIcometomyconclusion,itisnecessarytopointoutthelastflawinvolvedinthisargumentthat…
7结尾段的具体写法
Tosumup,thearguerfailstosubstantiatehisclaimthat…C…,becausetheevidencecitedintheanalysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhatthearguermaintains.Tomakethisargumentmoreconvincing,theauthorwouldhavetoprovidemoreinformationwithregardto…S1…Additionally,hewouldhavetodemonstratethat…S2….Therefore,iftheargumenthadincludedthegivenfactorsdiscussedabove,itwouldhavebeenmorethorough/insightfulandlogicallyacceptable.
9各个逻辑错误讲解(原理逻辑语言)
1survey/study错误
procedureofthesurvey调查过程
A.selectivesample选择性样本
B.quantityofthesample样本数量
样本数量多是错,少使错,没说数量更是错
C.qualityofthesurvey被访者是否说了真话
D.timeofthesurveyconducted什么时候做的访问
Resultofthesurvey
A.Dothestatisticsmakeanymeaningfulness?
B.Arethestatisticsmisleadinglyvague?
C.Aretherespondentsbeingforthright?
如何写作SURVEY
KW:
survey,study,sample,respondent,response,answer,taste,1500(绝对数值),96%(相对数值),many/most(模糊化数量)
SURVEYDEMO:
Unlessthesurveyorsampledasufficientnumberof…对象…..anddidsorandomlyacrosstheentirespectrum,theresultsofthesurveyarenotreliabletogauge/value……….generally.Thenumberofrespondentssamples,initself,doesnotensurerepresentativeness.Forexample,ifthesamplesincludedonly……,thentheresultswouldnodoubtsuggest……..Orifthegrossesareconsiderable,…数字…,wouldaccountforonlyalittlepercentage,whichwouldrendertheresultofthesurveymeaningless.
调查类错误词汇归纳
名词类
Survey,questionnaire,statisticalstudy,sample,specimen,sampling,accidentalsampling,classsampling整体抽样,randomicity,randomness,quantity,quality,statisticalpoll,absolutevalue,percentage,validity,statisticalvalidity,range,spectrum,scope.
Cross-bencher第三方机构,non-aligned不偏不倚
动词类
Select,choose,sample,indagate研究,investigate,examine,scrutinize,comprise
形容词/副词
Valid,authentic,random,quantitative,statistical,representative,characteristic,typical,far-reaching,comprehensive,extensive,generally,universally
Practice:
argument168P126
Argument154P119
②sufficientevidenceandnecessarycondition
充分条件往往面向未来,A的出现或发生就会导致D.肯定A条件,但还有BC其他条件导致D.
必要条件往往面对过去,如果没有A,D就不会发生.A是D的必要条件.否定A条件.没有A,D照样发生.
充分条件错误kw:
once一旦…will未来
典型题目argument170P126
Argument191
Argument175
Demo:
Theeditor’srecommendationdependsupontheassumptionthatnofactorsotherthanAcausedB.(A原文条件,B结果).However,commonsenseinformsmethatthisassumptionisapoorone.Amyriadofotherfactors,includingCorDmightbethecauseofB.Tobespecific,…细化解释…Withoutrulingouttheseandotherpossiblecauses,theeditorcannotjustifiablyconcludethatonlyA-相关canB-相关.
类似题目argumentP137
充分必要条件错误类KW
名词类condition,requirement,necessity,sufficientcondition,sufficiency,outcome,aftermath
动词类constitute,establish,suffice,resultin,induce,render,exclude,ruleout
形容词/副词:
sufficient,necessary,perforce,necessarily,required
3因果关系错误
Argument142/212
错误标志词KW
For,cause,reason,since,link,correlation,connection,therefore,and
攻击无因果错误demo
Thearguerfailstoestablishthecausalrelationshipbetweenthefactthat…结果…andtheclaimthat….Thisargumentisunacceptableunlessthereiscompellingevidencetosupporttheconnectionbetweenthesetwoevents.Perhaps,forexample,…..resultsfrom….
时序性因果错误攻击原理:
次序不代表逻辑(argument2/102)
错标词:
because,afterthis,sincethen,therefore,consequence,consequently
攻击时序性错误demo
Baseduponthefactthat…A…occurredafterB,theeditorinfersthatBshouldberesponsibleforA.However,thesequenceoftheseevents,initself,doesnotsufficetoprovethattheearlierdevelopmentcausedthelaterone.Itmighthaveresultedfromsomeothereventsinstead:
C,D,andE.–tojustafewpossibilities.Withoutrulingoutscenariosuchasthose,theeditorcannotestablishacause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenAandB,uponwhichtheeditor’srecommendationdepends.
攻击同时性因果错误原理:
同时发生不代表因果关系
错标词:
meanwhile,also,with,during,under,over,parallel
题目:
argument153/85
Demo:
TheargumentobservesacorrelationbetweenAandB,thenconcludesthattheformeristhecauseofthelatter.However,theargumentfailstoruleoutotherpossibleexplanationsforB.Forexample,…….AnyofthesefactorsmightleadtoB.WithoutrulingoutallotherfactorsitisunfairtoconcludethatAisresponsibleforB.
因果类错误使用词汇归纳
名词类
Relation,causation,relevancy,conjunction,connection,nexus网状关系,association联系,linkage
动词类
Associate,link,connect,relateto,ignore/neglect/losesightof
形容词类
Relational,relevant,causal,related,sequent,traceable
因果类错误北美句式汇总
1TheauthorattemptstoestablishacausalcorrelationbetweenthefactthatA…andtheclaimthat…B.thisargumentisunacceptableifthereisnocompellingevidencetosupporttheconnectionbetweenthesetwoevents.
2TheauthorfailstoestablishthecausalrelationshipbetweenAandB.
TheauthorfailstoconvinceusthatAcontributestoB.
Theauthorprovidesnoconvincing/compelling/persuasive/well-reasonedevidencethatAisthereasonforB.
3Moreover,theauthorhasnotshownanycorrelation,letalone/nottomentionacause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenAandB.
4Inshort,withoutrulingoutthepossibleexplanationsforB(result),sbcannot/failstojustifiablyconcludethatAisthecauseof/reasonforB.
5.Thefactthat…mightbeexplainedbyalargevarietyofreasons/factors.
6.IcannotacceptthefactthatAisresponsibleforB.
7.AcorrelationbetweenAandBdoesnotnecessarilyinferacausalrelation.ItisentirelypossiblethattherearesomeotherimportantfactorscontributingtoB,suchas…..
8.Whileahighcorrelationisapieceofstrongevidenceofacausalrelationship,itisinitselfnotsufficient;therefore,theauthorhastoaccountforsomeotherpossiblefactslike…
9.adirectcorrelationbetweenAandBdoesnotnecessarilyprovethattheformercausesthelatter.
10.Lackingevidencetoconfirmthisassumption,itisentirelyimpossiblethatAisthereasonofB
11.SincethearticlefailstoaccountforthisalternativeexplanationforB,thearticle’sauthorcannotmakeanysoundconclusionthatAisaccreditedasthereasonofB.
题号
3,19,26,142,156,173,220,224,
4范围变化累错误
错标词:
nationwide,statewide,throughout,overall,across,average
偷换概念:
argument167
扩大型错误:
argument8
缩小型错误:
argument206
平均型错误:
argument240
范围类错误词汇汇总
名词类
Scope,localization,diversity,variety,individual,unit,whole
动词类
Extend,expand,broaden,enlarge,spread,shrink,differentiate,distinguish
形容词副此类
Overall,generally,extensively,entire,diverse,dissimilar,multiplex
Demos:
偷换概念
AthresholdprobleminvolvesthedefinitionofA.Thearguerfailstodefinethiscriticalterm.If__AisdefinedasB,thenhow__C__,isirrelevanttowhether__B__.Inshort,withoutacleardefinitionof__A__,itisimpossibletoassessthestrengthoftheargument.
由个体放大为整体错误
Theargumentresetsontheassumptionthat个体案例typifynationwide整体情况.Ifthisisnotthecase,thenitisentirelypossiblethat在另一个地方,上述个案的结果不会发生相同的情况Thus,lackingmoremarketinginformationabout____nationwide,itisdifficulttoassessthemeritofthememo’srecommendation.
由整体缩小为个体错误
Oneproblemwiththeargumentisthatitassumesthatthenationwide(characteristicsofagroupapplytoeverymemberofthatgroup)statisticsabout____appliesequallyto个体成员,Yetthismightnotbethecase,foravarietyofpossiblereasons.Perhaps____;orperhaps____.Withoutrulingoutsuchpossibilities,theauthorcannotjustifiablyconcludethat____.
5没有全面考虑正负得失
failingtoweightheadvantageanddisadvantagethoroughly正负得失
Inaddition,theauthorfailstoconsiderthepossiblenegativeimpactsbroughtaboutby____.
failingtoconsiderthefeasibilityoftheconclusion可行性
profit标志词:
profit,profitable,profitability
DEMO:
Theauthor’sconclusionthat____isunwarranted.Profitisafactorrelatingtonotonlyrevenue,butalsocost.It’sentirelypossiblethatthecostof__A__,orothercostsassociatedwith__B,C__,willoffset,evenoutweightherevenue.Besides,amyriadofotherunexpect
- 配套讲稿:
如PPT文件的首页显示word图标,表示该PPT已包含配套word讲稿。双击word图标可打开word文档。
- 特殊限制:
部分文档作品中含有的国旗、国徽等图片,仅作为作品整体效果示例展示,禁止商用。设计者仅对作品中独创性部分享有著作权。
- 关 键 词:
- 湘湘的GRE ARGUMENT写作讲义 GRE ARGUMENT 写作 讲义
![提示](https://static.bdocx.com/images/bang_tan.gif)