新教伦理227760517.docx
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新教伦理227760517.docx
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新教伦理227760517
CHAPTERII
THESPIRITOFCAPITALISM
Inthetitleofthisstudyisusedthesomewhatpretentiousphrase,thespiritofcapitalism.Whatistobeunderstoodbyit?
Theattempttogiveanythinglikeadefinitionofitbringsoutcertaindifficultieswhichareintheverynatureofthistypeofinvestigation.
Ifanyobjectcanbefoundtowhichthistermcanbeappliedwithanyunderstandablemeaning,itcanonlybeanhistoricalindividual,i.e.acomplexofelementsassociatedinhistoricalrealitywhichweuniteintoaconceptualwholefromthestandpointoftheirculturalsignificance.
Suchanhistoricalconcept,however,sinceitrefersinitscontenttoaphenomenonsignificantforitsuniqueindividuality,cannotbedefinedaccordingtotheformulageneticproximity,differentialspecification,butitmustbegraduallyputtogetheroutoftheindividualpartswhicharetakenfromhistoricalrealitytomakeitup.Thusthefinalanddefinitiveconceptcannotstandatthebeginningoftheinvestigation,butmustcomeattheend.Wemust,inotherwords,workoutinthecourseofthediscussion,asitsmostimportantresult,thebestconceptualformulationofwhatwehereunderstandbythespiritofcapitalism,thatisthebestfromthepointofviewwhichinterestsushere.Thispointofview(theoneofwhichweshallspeaklater)is,further,bynomeanstheonlypossibleonefromwhichthehistoricalphenomenaweareinvestigatingcanbeanalysed.Otherstandpointswould,forthisasforeveryhistoricalphenomenon,yieldothercharacteristicsastheessentialones.Theresultisthatitisbynomeansnecessarytounderstandbythespiritofcapitalismonlywhatitwillcometomeantousforthepurposesofouranalysis.Thisisanecessaryresultofthenatureofhistoricalconceptswhichattemptfortheirmethodologicalpurposesnottograsphistoricalrealityinabstractgeneralformula,butinconcretegeneticsetsofrelationswhichareinevitablyofaspecificallyuniqueandindividualcharacter.1
Thus,ifwetrytodeterminetheobject,theanalysisandhistoricalexplanationofwhichweareattempting,itcannotbeintheformofaconceptualdefinition,butatleastinthebeginningonlyaprovisionaldescriptionofwhatisheremeantbythespiritofcapitalism.Suchadescriptionis,however,indispensableinorderclearlytounderstandtheobjectoftheinvestigation.Forthispurposeweturntoadocumentofthatspiritwhichcontainswhatwearelookingforinalmostclassicalpurity,andatthesametimehastheadvantageofbeingfreefromalldirectrelationshiptoreligion,beingthus,forourpurposes,freeofpreconceptions.
timeismoney.Hethatcanearntenshillingsadaybyhislabour,andgoesabroad,orsitsidle,onehalfofthatday,thoughhespendsbutsixpenceduringhisdiversionoridleness,oughtnottoreckonthattheonlyexpense;hehasreallyspent,orratherthrownaway,fiveshillingsbesides.
"Remember,thatcreditismoney.Ifamanletshismoneylieinmyhandsafteritisdue,hegivesmetheinterest,orsomuchasIcanmakeofitduringthattime.Thisamountstoaconsiderablesumwhereamanhasgoodandlargecredit,andmakesgooduseofit.
"Remember,thatmoneyisoftheprolific,generatingnature.Moneycanbegetmoney,anditsoffspringcanbegetmore,andsoon.Fiveshillingsturnedissix,turnedagainitissevenandthreepence,andsoon,tillitbecomesahundredpounds.Themorethereisofit,themoreitproduceseveryturning,sothattheprofitsrisequickerandquicker.Hethatkillsabreeding-sow,destroysallheroffspringtothethousandthgeneration.Hethatmurdersacrown,destroysallthatitmighthaveproduced,evenscoresofpounds.”
"Rememberthissaying,Thegoodpaymasterislordofanotherman'spurse.Hethatisknowntopaypunctuallyandexactlytothetimehepromises,mayatanytime,andonanyoccasion,raiseallthemoneyhisfriendscanspare.Thisissometimesofgreatuse.Afterindustryandfrugality,nothingcontributesmoretotheraisingofayoungmanintheworldthanpunctualityandjusticeinallhisdealings;thereforeneverkeepborrowedmoneyanhourbeyondthetimeyoupromised,lestadisappointmentshutupyourfriend'spurseforever.
"Themosttriflingactionsthataffectaman'screditaretoberegarded.Thesoundofyourhammeratfiveinthemorning,oreightatnight,heardbyacreditor,makeshimeasysixmonthslonger;butifheseesyouatabilliard-table,orhearsyourvoiceatatavern,whenyoushouldbeatwork,hesendsforhismoneythenextday;demandsit,beforehecanreceiveit,inalump.
"Itshows,besides,thatyouaremindfulofwhatyouowe;itmakesyouappearacarefulaswellasanhonestman,andthatstillincreasesyourcredit.
"Bewareofthinkingallyourownthatyoupossess,andoflivingaccordingly.Itisamistakethatmanype
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