新概念第四册笔记.docx

新概念第四册笔记.docx

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新概念第四册笔记

Lesson1Findingfossilman

发现化石人

Wecanreadofthingsthathappened5,000yearsagointheNearEast,wherepeoplefirstlearnedtowrite.

Buttherearesomepartsoftheworldwhereevennowpeoplecannotwrite.Theonlywaythattheycanpreservetheirhistoryistorecountitassagas----legendshandeddownfromonegenerationofstorytellerstoanother.Theselegendsareusefulbecausetheycantellussomethingaboutmigrationsofpeoplewholivedlongago,butnonecouldwritedownwhattheydid.AnthropologistswonderedwheretheremoteancestorsofthePolynesianpeoplesnowlivinginthePacificIslandscamefrom.ThesagasofthesepeopleexplainthatsomeofthemcamefromIndonesiaabout2,000yearsago.

Butthefirstpeoplewhowerelikeourselveslivedsolongagothateventheirsagas,iftheyhadany,areforgotten.Soarchaeologistshaveneitherhistorynorlegendstohelpthemtofindoutwherethefirst‘modernmen’camefrom.

Fortunately,however,ancientmenmadetoolsofstone,especiallyflint,becausethisiseasiertoshapethanotherkinds.Theymayalsohaveusedwoodandskins,butthesehaverottedaway.Stonedoesnotdecay,andsothetoolsoflongagohaveremainedwheneventhebonesofthemenwhomadethemhavedisappearedwithouttrace.

ROBINPLACEFindingfossilman

Newwordsandexpressions

生词短语

recount/ri'kaunt/v.叙述/'rei'kaunt/再数一次record/'rek[d//ri'kC:

d/第一个音节带重音，名前动后叙述：

recount:

emotionless

重复

describe

depict：

alittleemotional

narrate：

temporal&spacial根据时间或空间顺序描述。

portray：

描述

saga/'sa:

g[/n.英雄故事

描述的内容mostlyreal北欧海盗活动的故事

legend/'ledV[nd/n.传说，传奇

unreale.grobinhood

anthropologist/'AnWr['pCl[dVist/n.人类学家

anthrop：

人

philosophere:

philo＋sopher|爱＋智慧＝哲学家

philanthropist:

慈善家（对人有爱心的人）

anthropology:

人类学

带-gy结尾的都是学科：

biology生物学geography地理学ecology生态学

remote/ri'm[ut/n.遥远

ancestor/'Ansest[/n.祖先

an

在前面

forefather,forebear，predecessor祖先

rot/rCt/v.烂掉

leavemerot.＝leavemealong

rottodeath.

soonripe,soonrotten.

decay国家民族逐渐衰亡decompose逐渐衰竭deteriorate关系逐渐恶化

trace/treis/n.痕迹，踪迹

tracetheproblem

ifollowyourtrace＝ifollowwhereyougo

polynesia波利尼西亚

poly-多

polyandric:

awifewithmorethanonehusbandpolygeny:

ahusbandwithmorethanonewife

flint/flint/n.燧石flintinghearted

fossil/

'fCsl/n.化石cobble鹅卵石Notesonthetext

课文注释readof读到

谈到：

speakof,talkof,knowof,hearof

neareast：

近东mediterranean,southeurope,northafricfareast

非限定性从句，表原因

oral（spoken）languageisearlierthanwrittenlanguage.precede:

什么在什么之前，不用比较，直接跟名词counterpart:

twothingsortwopeoplehavethesamepositionoral（spoken）languageisearlierthanwrittencounterpart.

preserve:

保留，保存（腌制）如果句中有only，那后面的表语结构就要用todosth,而不是doingsth.storyteller:

讲故事的人

fortuneteller,palmreader:

算命先生

migration：

移民

１）migrant

２）immigrantv.migrate:

迁移，迁徙

migratorybird:

候鸟none:

nobodypeople＋s民族

iftheyhadany:

即便是有

hisrelatives,ifhehad

any,neverwenttovisithimwhenhewashospitalized.

findout千方百计，费尽周折＝exploremodernmen:

themenwhowerelikeourselveshowever－anywhereyouwant,加逗号

but,yet－不加标点，onlyatthebeginningofthesentencetherefore－自由

so－自由

tool:

小工具instrument:

实验器械equipment:

设备

shape:

成型；教育，改造mayalsohave:

表推测peel:

果皮

leather:

皮革

hide:

兽皮

cowhide:

牛皮

without（any）trace:

无影无踪

Lesson2Sparethatspider

别伤害蜘蛛

Why,youmaywonder,shouldspidersbeourfriends?

Becausetheydestroysomanyinsects,andinsectsincludesomeofthegreatestenemiesofthehumanrace.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.Weowealottothebirdsandbeastswhoeatinsectsbutallofthemputtogetherkillonlyafractionofthenumberdestroyedbyspiders.Moreover,unlikesomeoftheotherinsecteaters,spidersneverdotheleastharmtousorourbelongings.

Spidersarenotinsects,asmanypeoplethink,norevennearlyrelatedtothem.Onecantellthedifferencealmostataglanceforaspideralwayshaseightlegsandaninsectnevermorethansix.

Howmanyspidersareengagedinthisworkonourbehalf?

OneauthorityonspidersmadeacensusofthespidersinagrassfieldinthesouthofEngland,andheestimatedthatthereweremorethan2,250,000inoneacre,thatissomethinglike6,000,000spidersofdifferentkindsonafootballpitch.Spidersarebusyforatleasthalftheyearinkillinginsects.Itisimpossibletomakemorethanthewildestguessathowmanytheykill,buttheyarehungrycreatures,notcontentwithonlythreemealsaday.IthasbeenestimatedthattheweightofalltheinsectsdestroyedbyspidersinBritaininoneyearwouldbegreaterthanthetotalweightofallthehumanbeingsinthecountry.

T.H.GILLESPIESparethatSpiderfromTheListener

Newwordsandexpressions

生词短语

flocksandherds牛群和羊群

／flCk/

thebirdsofthesamefeatherflocktogether.物以类聚，人以群分

youarethesameflock.也可指人

herd多指牛群

cowherdcowboy

throngandcrowdswarm

owe/[U/vt.感激,欠

ioweyou.

ioweyouabigfavor.

欠issueobligeindebtappreciate----常用口语词正式：

gratefulthankful

beast/bi:

st/n兽

形容人野蛮无比，不能用animal形容

creature可以指小孩，女人，不用于男性．

fraction/＇frAkF[n/n.小部分

分数，小数

afractionofricewillsufficeonone＇sbehalf代表．．．利益

Ibeatyouonyourbehalf.我打你是为你好onbehalfofsomebody/something

e.gonbehalfofchinesegovernment

onbehalfof＝represent

authority/C:

＇WCriti/n.权威

authorize批准

authoritative权威性的

authoritarian独裁的

－tarian带有这种词缀的词都是坏词dictator独裁者

dictatorial独裁的

authorities１．权威（可单数可复数）

２．当局（复数）

census/sens[s/n.统计数据

thefifthnationalpopulationcensus.

censor审查,censorious挑剔的，挑刺的

acre/＇eik[/n.英亩

１acre＝４０４７squaremeters

footballpitch足球场

footballyardfootballcourtfootballfieldbecontentwith满足于

满足作表语，不能出现定语结构

Heiscontentwithstatusquo.

contentedheart:

心满意足的人

spare/spZ[/v.不伤害，宽恕

sparemeHedoesn’tsparehimself.Isparenoeffortstolearnenglish.（sparenoefforts:

不遗余力作什么）

Notesonthetext

课文注释

why,youmaywonder－youmaywonderwhy插入语

先不管插入语，弄清句子结构

youmaywonderwhyspidersshouldbeourfriends？

插入语位置不固定

why以疑问句开头

why,youmaywonder,theproblemofpollutionbefallshumanbeings.why,youmaywonder,oneofmyfriendsissokindhearted.

destroy程度比damage要重得多，片甲不留，消灭光

tearintopiecesgreatestenemies:

天敌dyingenemy

cryingenemy

dearenemyhumanrace:

人的种族，一般不加复数，表示一个总称词

impossible和possible永远不要以人开头

Itisimpossibleforsomebodytodosomething.likely可以以人做主语。

iamlikelytogo.

probable也不以人做主语

theywould表示假设

devour狼吞虎咽devourthefood

makeacakeofmyself

makeagodofmyself

devourthebookit虚拟语气

前面是主句，下面是条件句前面一般的加动词devour,后面用一般过去时

Ifitwerenotfor:

如果这不是因为

Iwouldnotsurviveifitwerenotforhistimelyhelp.butfor一定是虚拟语气＝ifitwerenotfor

owe感激，欠ioweyou.

引出主题

allofthemputtogether:

把他们堆到一起

谓语动词是killdestroyed后置定语，重心转到spider

Lesson3Matterhornman

马特霍恩山区人

Modernalpiniststrytoclimbmountainsbyaroutewhichwillgivethemgoodsport,andthemoredifficultitis,themorehighlyitisregarded.Inthepioneeringdays,however,thiswasnotthecaseatall.Theearlyclimberswerelookingfortheeasiestwaytothetopbecausethesummitwastheprizetheysought,especiallyifithadneverbeenattainedbefore.Itistruethatduringtheirexplorationstheyoftenfaceddifficultiesanddangersofthemostperilousnature,equippedinamannerwhichwouldmakeamodernclimbershudderatthethought,buttheydidnotgooutoftheirwaytocourtsuchexcitement.Theyhadasingleaim,asolitarygoal--thetop!

Itishardforustorealizenowadayshowdifficultitwasforthepioneers.ExceptforoneortwoplacessuchasZermattandChamonix,whichhadrapidlybecomepopular,Alpinevillagestendedtobeimpoverishedsettlementscutofffromcivilizationbythehighmountains.Suchinnsastherewereweregenerallydirtyandflea-ridden;thefoodsimplylocalcheeseaccompaniedbybreadoftentwelvemonthsold,allwasheddownwithcoarsewine.Oftenavalleyboastednoinnatall,andclimbersfoundshelterwherevertheycould--sometimeswiththelocalpriest（whowasusuallyaspoorashisparishioners）,sometimeswithshepherdsorcheesemakers.Invariablythebackgroundwasthesame:

dirtandpoverty,andveryuncomfortable.Formenaccustomedtoeatingseven-coursedinnersandsleepingbetweenfinelinensheetsathome,thechangetotheAlpsmusthavebeenveryhardindeed.

Newwordsandexpressions

生词短语

1、alpinist（1.1）/'$lpinist/n．登山运动员

climber

mountaineer

词根：

alp

Alps（1.16）/$lps/n．阿尔卑斯山脉Alpine（1.9）/$lpain/adj．阿尔卑斯山的

2、attain（1.4）/+'tein/v．到达

togetto

toarriveat/in

toattainone’sgoal=realize

toattainthetop/peak/summit达到顶点attainyouth永葆青春

attainment（n）attainments成就accomplishment

3、perilous（1.5）/'peril+s/adj．危险的peril

（随时可能出现的）危险avalanche雪崩

4、shudder（1.5）/'M）d+/v．不寒而栗

shudder:

quickandsudden

tremble:

longandveryobvious

quiver:

excitement,maybecold

shiver:

coldandnervous

5、gooutofone’sway

专门bytheway顺路

toomuchforme受不起

6、court（multiplemeanings多义词）

1）朝廷

朝臣courtier

2）courteous彬彬有礼的

3）法庭

4）娱乐场足球场soccer/footballcourt高尔夫球场golfcourt

5）追求

6）招致

骄兵必败pridecourtsfailure

7、solitary（1.6）/'s&lrt+ri/adj．唯一的

sol-独solo独唱

独奏

solitude孤独

Iliveinsolitude.=Ilivealonelylife.

8、pioneer（1.2）/?

pai+'n+/v．开辟，倡导；n．先锋，开辟者

9、impoverish（11.9-10）/$m'p&v+rM/v．使贫困poor（口语词）

罗素名言：

Agreatmanymanwillcheerfullyfaceinpoverishmentiftheycansecure

completeruinfortheirrival,hencepresentleveloftaxation.

许多人会高兴的面对贫困，如果他们能使对手落魄，因此出现了现在的税收水平。

10、coarse（1.12）/k&:

s/adj．粗劣的

coarsethroat嗓子哑sorethroat

嗓子发炎coarsefare

粗粮

refinedfair细粮

coarseandrefined

inacoarsemanner粗暴无礼

11、boast（1.12）/