英国作家.docx
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英国作家.docx
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英国作家
GeoffreyChaucer(1340-1400)
1.Chaucerwascalledthe“fatherofEnglishpoetry”byDrydenandisconsideredtheforerunneroftheliteratureofEnglishRenaissance.
2.Hisliterarycareercanbedividedintothreeperiods:
thefirstperiodconsistsofworksadaptedfromFrenchsources;thesecondperiodconsistsofworksadaptedfromItaliansources,e.g.TroilusandCressie;andthethirdperiodispurelyEnglish,e.g.TheCanterburyTales.Inthethirdperiod,heisnolongeramereinterpreterofotherpoets,butamaster-handwithgreatoriginality.
3.Chaucer’sEnglishisMiddleEnglish.ThespokenEnglishofhisdayconsistedofseveraldialectsandheplayedanimportantroleinmakingthedialectofLondonthefoundationformodernEnglishspeech.
4.Intermsofliterarytechnique,heintroducedfromFrancetoEnglishpoetrytherimedstanzasofvarioustypes,esp.theheroiccouplet(tworimedlinesofiambicpentameter).
5.HismasterpieceisTheCanterburyTales,inwhichallclassesoftheEnglishfeudalsociety,excepttheroyaltyandthepoorestpeasant,arerepresentedbythe31pilgrims.
6.“TheGeneralPrologue”ofTheCanterburyTalesservesasasmallmodeloftheEnglishsocietyofChaucer’stime,sotheRussianauthorMaximGorkyregardedChauceras“thefounderofEnglishrealism.”
EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)
1.Hecametobeknownasthe“poets’poet”frombeingthemasterofdifferentpoeticformsandallkindsofverbalmusic.HeinfluencedlaterpoetssuchasMilton,ThomasGray,Byron,Shelley,andKeatsinhisearlyperiod.
2.HeinventedapoeticformknownasSpenserianstanzawhichconsistsof8iambicpentameterlinesfollowedbyaniambichexameterline(alsocalledAlexandrine,aFrenchheroicverseform),rimingababbcbcc.Thisformisusedbymanylaterpoets.
3.HismasterpieceisTheFaerieQueene,whichisamixtureofepicandallegoricalromance.Only6booksand2cantosofthe7thbookwerecompleteduponhisdeath.Thispoeticworkischieflyknownforitsrichimagery,ornatelanguage,metricalpatternandmusicalqualities.TheheroofBookI,aknightnamedRedcrosse,symbolizestheAnglicanChurch.ThehumanisttraditionoftheRenaissanceembodiedinthisnarrativepoemincludes:
theadventurousspirit,thejoyofthepresentlife,theeulogyofthepowerandcapabilitiesofman,aswellastheloveofnatureandnaturalbeauty.
(Anepicportraysanationalherowhiletheheroinaromanceisaknight.Thedominantmoodofepicistragicheroicwhereasromancepresentsanidealizedpictureoflife.)
ChristopherMarlowe(1564-1593)
1.MarlowewasthegreatestofthepioneersofEnglishdrama.HisworkspavedthewayfortheplaysofthegreatestEnglishdramatist–Shakespeare.
2.First,hemadeblankversetheprincipalmediumofEnglishdrama.Withhis“mightylines”,hecombinedthepoeticrhythmwiththerhythmandsyntaxofnaturalspeech.Beingvigorous,fluidandprecise,thispoeticformbestconveystherestlesslymovingandquestingspiritoftheRenaissance.
3.Second,hedevelopedanewconceptoftragedy,whichiscenteredaroundthestruggleofagreatpersonalitydoomedtoinevitablefailurebyhislimitations.
4.ThethemeofMarlowe’splaysisthepraiseofindividualityfreedfromtherestraintsofmedievaldogmasandlaw,andtheRenaissanceman’ssupremedesireforinfinitepowerandauthority.However,thoseheroes’individualisticambitionoftenbringsruintotheworldandthethemselves.
5.Marlowe’splaysshowthespiritoftherisingbourgeoisie:
itseagercuriosityforknowledge,itstoweringpride,itsinsatiableappetiteforpower,itsresolutedeterminationanditsscornfuldisregardoforthodoxcreed.Allthesearetypicalofthebourgeoisieintheeraoftheprimitiveaccumulationofcapital.
WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)
1.ShakespeareisthegreatestofallEnglishauthorsandoneofthegreatestauthorsinworldliterature.
2.HewasborninStratford-on-Avon,Warwickshire,whichhasbecomeatouristresortsolelybecauseitisShakespeare’shometown.
3.Helivedinatransitionalperiodbetweentheoldfeudaleconomicsocialorderandanewcapitalistsociety.Althoughhetookhisplotsfromoldlegendsandchronicles,hereallymeanttopresentatruthfulpictureoflifeincontemporaryEngland,thereforehisdramabecomesamonumenttotheEnglishRenaissance,andheisregardedasoneofthefoundersofrealisminworldliterature.
4.Hiswritingcareercanbedividedroughlyintothreeperiods:
thefirstone,from1590to1600,istheperiodofhisapprenticeshipinplaywriting;thesecondperiod,from1601to1608,ishisperiodofgreattragediesandthesummitofhiscreativity;andhisthirdperiod,from1609to1612,yieldsplayswhichshowaslightfallingofffromhispreviousheight.
5.Beingbothaplaywrightandpoet,hewasveryprolific.Heleftbehindhim37plays,2narrativepoemsand154sonnets.Hisplaysfallintothreecategories:
comedies,tragediesandhistories.Theseplayslayrightbeforeoureyesaworldoffull-bloodedcharacters,whichshowsShakespeare’sdeepinsightintohumannatureandhumanrelations.
6.Therearedifferentkindsofsonnetintermsofform,suchasthePetrarchan(Italian)sonnetandtheShakespearean(English)sonnet.ThesonnetshewroteareShakespearean.AShakespeareansonnetconsistsof3quatrainsandacouplet,rimingababcdcdefefgg.Aquatrainisastanzaof4linesrimingabab,abbaorabcb,etc.andacoupletconsistsof2riminglines.
FrancisBacon(1561-1626)
1.AsoneoftherepresentativesoftheRenaissanceinEngland,FrancisBaconisaveryinfluentialphilosopher,scientistandessayist.SomebooksevenrankhimamongConfucius,PlatoandAristotleasoneofthetoptenthinkersoftheworld.
2.Hisworkfallsintothreecategories:
thephilosophical,theliteraryandtheprofessional(law).Thebest-knownofthephilosophicalworksisNovumOrganum(anenlargedLatinversionoftheAdvancementofLearning),themostimportantofhisliteraryworksistheEssays,whichcomprises58essaysinitsfinaleditionof1625,andthetwofamousprofessionaltreatisesareMaximsofLawandTheLearnedReadingupontheStatuteofUses.
3.Helaysthefoundationformodernsciencewithhisinsistenceonscientificwayofthinkingandfreshobservationratherthanauthorityasabasisforobtainingknowledge.Asaphilosopher,hefoundedanewinductivemethodofreasoning(asopposedtoAristotle’sdeductivereasoning),whichpreparedthewayformodernexperimentalscience.
4.HisEssayshasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.Asanessayist,hehadagreatinfluenceonthedevelopmentofEnglishrational(asopposedtopoeticandimaginative)expression.
5.Baconcaresmoreaboutaxiomsundertheguidanceofwhichmanthinksandactsthanhumannatureormorality.Hismostfamousstatementonlearningis“Knowledgeispower.”
6.Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.
JohnDonne(1572-1631)
1.JohnDonne,astheleadingfigureofthe“metaphysicalschool”ofpoets,influencedEnglishliteratureinthewayofboldnessandoriginality.HeremainedapowerfulinfluenceeveninmoderntimesonsuchpoetsasT.S.Eliot.
2.Themetaphysicalschoolcomprisesasuccessionof17th-centuryEnglishpoets(Herbert,Vaughan,Crashaw,MarvellandCowleyaswellasDonne)whobrokeawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.Theyexaltedfeelingandthoughtaboveexpressionatatimewhenthetendencyofliteraturewastoextolstyleattheexpenseofthought.Theyblendedpassionandthought,feelingandlogicalreasoning.Intermsoftechnique,theyfrequentlyapplied“conceits”inpreferencetothewell-wornconventionalsimiles.
3.Aconceitisanextendedmetaphorinvolvingaparadoxicalimagewhichcausesashocktothemindbytheunlikenessoftheassociation.Thiskindofimage,forgedasaresultofadmirablewit,unitessharplycontrastiveexperiencesinasingleimpactontheimagination.
4.ThemoststrikingfeatureofDonne’spoetryisitstangofrealityinthesensethatitseemstoreflectlifeinarealratherthanapoeticworld.Andtheimageryisdrawnfromtheactuallife,too.
5.Donne’spoetryinvolvesacertainkindofargument,sometimesinrigidsyllogisticform.Hisdictionissimpleandechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.
6.TheSongsandSonnetsisprobablyhisbest-knownwork.Thisanthologycontainsmostofhisearlylyrics,andloveisthebasicthemeinit.Donnebelievedthatthenatureofloveistheunionofsoulandbody.Thisrunscountertothemedievalconceptoflove,whichmerelyputstressonthespiritualaspectofit.TheHolySonnetsembodiesDonne’sreligiousconvictions.
JohnMilton(1608-1674)
1.Miltonisoneofthegreatestpoetsinworldliterature.
2.HislifewascloselyrelatedtotheEnglishRevolution.HewrotepamphletstoasserttheundisputedsovereigntyofthepeopleoverthedivinerightofkingsanddefendtheEnglishRevolution.AfterthefoundingoftheCommonwealth,hebecameLatinSecretarytotheCouncilofForeignAffairs.Hewassodedicatedtothetranslationworkthathebecameblindin1652.AftertheRestorationofCharlesII,hewaspersecutedandspenttherestofhislifeinobscurityandpoverty.
3.Hisliterarycareerdividessharplyintothreeperiods:
duringthefirst(1625-1640)hewroteaconsiderablequantityofverseinLatin;inthesecond(1640-1660)hewrotealargequantityofessaysandpamphlets;inthelastperiod(1660-1674)heproducedallhisambitiouspoetryonwhichhisfamechieflyrests.
4.HisearlytraininginHebrewandclassicalliteraturesgavehimaninclinationforthesublimethemeandanunusualpow
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