文化差异.docx
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文化差异.docx
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文化差异
文化差异(CultureDifference):
种族Nationalrace
ThewholequestionofthechangingroleofBlacksinAmericansocietyasbeenthesubjectofnewspaperarticlesaroundtheworldsofrequentlythatvisitorstotheUnitedStatesdonotknowwhattoexpectwhentheyarrive.TheymaybesurprisedwhentheyseethatBlacksandWhitesworksidebysideinoffices,factories,and schoolsacross thecountry.ThemajorityofBlacksintheUnitedStates,however,liveinandaroundonlyasmallnumberofAmericancities.
Manydark-skinnedvisitorsarriveintheUnitedStatesfearingpersonalattackorexpectingvariousdegreesofracial prejudice.Someformsof discriminationstillexist,unfortunately,especiallyintheareasofthe housing,schools,andjobs.Theschoolequalityisstillmoreadreamthanareality.Therearestilltoomanyareasof thecountrywhereBlackAmericansdonotenjoythesamefullopportunitiesasWhiteAmericans.However,thevastmajorityofAmericansareworking,studying,andsharingpublicplacestogether.Thiswasnottrueevenafewyearsagoinsomepartsofthecountry,butprogressissteadilybeingmade.Youwillbeabletoobservetheimprovementinracerelationsassoonasyour planelands.Youwillseeitintheairport,inpublicbusesandtrains,intheaters,restaurants,restroom,in sopsandlibraries,inofficesandfactories.ClosepersonalfriendshipsbetweenBlacksandWhites,fulltrustandsocialrelationshipsarestillnotcommon,exceptincertainareas, However,eveninthis-theslowestareaofprogress-therehasbeenchange,especiallyamongyoungpeople.
文化差异(CultureDifference):
财富与特权WealthandPrivilege
Owningcars,largehouses,orswimmingpoolsmeandifferentthingsindifferentculturesandmayconfuseavisitortotheUnitedStates.Inmanynations,onlytherichhavesuchthingsascarsandswimmingpools;thepoorhaveverylittle.
Bycontrast,thisisnottrueintheUnitedStates.Thecostofcertainthingsthatonlytherichcanaffordinothercountriesisrelativelylow.Thismeansthatlaborers,farmers,and peoplewhoarenotusuallyregardedasrichneverthelesshavemanypossessionstatonlytherichhaveinothernations.UnderstandablyavisitormayassumethatallAmericanswhoowncarsareasrichaspeopleinhisowncountry whoowncars.Actually,thisisnotthecases ;secretaries,universitystudents,factoryworkersorfarmerscan anddobuycarsandmanyother"expensive"things.Generally,theypayforthesepossessionsgradually,duringaperiodofmanymonths,orevenyears,sothatthecosteachmostisnottoohigh inrelationtotheirmonthlywages.
文化差异(CultureDifference):
个人的进步PersonalProgress
Inmanypartsoftheworld,personalinfluenceisessentialinachievingsuccess.ThisisnottrueintheUnitedStates,wheresuccessusuallyresultsfromhardwork,education,skill,andpersonalinitiative,Americaistrulya "do-it-yourself"society;successisnotdependentonfamily originsor thehelpofaninfluentialperson.Personalprogressistheresultofindividualeffort.
BecauseeffortandinitiativearesoimportantinAmerica,therearemanycustomsthatmaybedifferentfrom those practicedinothercountries.Forexample,itisnotconsidereddishonorabletoquitajob,evenifyouhavehaditforonlyashorttime.Movingfromjob-to-job,or"job-hopping",asitiscalled,isquiteacceptableintheUnitedStates.Frequently,theopportunity tochangejobsoffersworkersachancetomoveuptoabetterposition.Americansliketomovefromplacetoplacetryingnewjobs,meetingnewpeople andlivingindifferentpartsofthecountry."Job-hopping"alsogivesemployersachancetobenefitfromthenewideasandskillsthat differentpeoplebringtotheirjobsevenifsuch peopleareemployedforonlyashorttime.
文化差异(CultureDifference):
真实还是礼貌?
TruthorCourtesy?
JustasthedegreeofindividualfreedomthatexistsinAmericaseemslooseandthereforeuncomfortabletomanyvisitors.Inmanycountries,peoplewilltellyou whattheythinkyouwanttohere,whetherornotitistrue.Tothem,thisisthepolitethingtodo.ToAmericansitisconsideredconfusing-evendishonest-toavoidtellingthetruefacts.evenifavoidingthetruthisdoneonlytobepolite.Itishelpfultorememberthatdifferentculturesconsidersomemattersmoreimportantthanothers.WitAmericans,however,trustandtrutharemostimportant.OneoftheworsttingsthatcanbesaidaboutsomeoneinAmericaisthat"youcannottrusthim"
Consideringsuchdifferencesinvaluesamongthemanyculturesoftheworld,itisnaturalthatmisunderstandings[1]willoccur."Howfarisittothenexttown?
"anAmericanasksamanstandingbytheedgeofaroad.Insomecountries,becausethemanrealizesthetraveleristiredandeagertoreachthenextvillage,hewillpolitelysay,'Justdown theroad".Hethinksthisismoreencouraging,gentler,andthereforetheanswerthetravelerwantstohear.SotheAmericandrivesaloneformanymorehoursbeforehecomestothevillage.Thetravelerisangry,feeling"tricked".Hethinksthatthemanhaspurposelyliedtohimbecausehemusthaveknowquitewillwellwhatthedistancewas.
IfavisitortotheUnitedStatesaskedanAmericanstandingattheedgeofaroadhowfarthenexttownwas,theAmericanwouldthinkitdishonestifhesaiditwasnearwhenheknewitwasreally24milesaway.Althoughhe,too,wouldbesympatheticwiththetiredtraveler,hewouldsay,"Youhavealongwaytogoyet;itisatleast24milesmore."Thetraveler mightbedisappointed,buthewouldknowwhattoexpect,andtherewouldbenomisunderstanding.
文化差异(CultureDifference):
美国社会正在该变AmericanSocietyisChanging
Inmanynations,everydayactivitiesaredoneinaplanned,orderlymanner.Forexample,formalrelationshipsamongpeoplemaybedeterminedaccordingtocustomsandhabitsthathaveexistedforalongtime.Peoplevisitinganinformalcountry,suchastheUnitedStates,mayfindthattheAmericanbeliefinpersonalinitiativeorfreedom(includingthefreedomtodisagreewiththoseinauthority),andthewholeeconomicsystemisquitsconfusinganduncontrolled.Tosomevisitorssuchfreedomsaretoo"loose"andtoodisorganizedtobecomfortable.
Today,theUnitedStatesisexperiencinggreatchangeineverypartofsociety;thereforelifeinAmericamayindeedseemconfused.Socialattitudesarebeingquestioned.Americansarewondering:
"Isthereanymorality?
" "Whyhasthenationnevergivenallofitscitizensfullopportunity?
""Whatcoursesshouldbetaughtinschool?
" "Whatistheroleofwomeninsociety?
"Asvisitors,youwillnoticethatsomeAmericansarebeginningtoleavethecitiesandmaketheirhomesinsmallcitiesandtownswherelifeisquieterandslower.Politicalbeliefsarechanging.Thekindsof skillsneededbyworkerstodaydifferfromthoseindemandseveralyearsago.
文化差异(CultureDifference):
权威Authority
Inmanycountries,authorityisseldom,ifever,questioned,eitherbecauseitishighlyrespected,orbecauseitisfeared.Sometimes,too,Becauserankhasbeenimportantincertainsocietiesforalongtime,peoplehavebeentrainednevertoquestionthoseinauthority..Forexample,childrenarenotexpectedtoquestiontheirteachersinschool.Itmaybeconsideredimproperforyoungbusinessmentosuggestideasthatdifferfromthoseofolder,moreexperiencedmembersofthebusiness.Inothercountries,includingAmerica,childrenaretrainedtoquestionandsearchfor answers.Whenachildasksaquestion,hewilloftenbetoldtogotothelibraryandfindtheanswerforhimself.Bythetimestudentsreachtheageof14or15,theymaybedevelopingexcitingnewideasinallfieldsofscienceandthearts.Toencouragesuchcreativity[1],therearemanynationalprizesofferedtostudents,everyyearfortheirscientificdiscoveriesandartisticaccomplishments.
Thisinterestinquestioningandsearchingmaybeconsideredbysomepeopleasbadforyoungpeople'smanners,thatyoungpeoplelackrespectforauthority.ThisimpressionmaybecreatedwhenvisitorsnoticeyoungAmericansaskingquestionsandarguingwitholderpeople.However,thisisbecausemanyAmericanshaveadifferentattitudetowardauthoritythanmayexistinotherareasoftheworld.Inaworkorbusiness situation,ideasarefreelyandopenlydiscussedandargued.Itisimportanttoremembertatitistheperson'sideasthatarebeingquestioned,nottheindividualhimself.. Thetwoarequiteseparate.Thepurposeofthesearching,questioning,andarguingistofindthefactsinaparticularsituation,andthereforeasolution,sothattheworkofthebusinesscanprogressinthemosteffectivemannerpossible.
Aswasmentionedearlier,youmaynoticethesomequestioninginsocialconversations.AlthoughsomeindividualsmaythinkthatAmericansarerudebecauseoftheirdirectmannerwithpeople,theyaremerelytryingtolearnmoreaboutyourideas.
文化差异(CultureDifference):
TableManners:
aCulturalDifference
FormanyWesterners,theChinesedinnertableisterraincognita([拉]未发现的地域).TherearenoforksorknivesfortheWesternerstouse.TheChinesehostmakesgreat,sweeping(大范围的)armmovementsthatgooverlargesectionsofthetablepassingoverbothfoodandfriendsalike.Thesceneisfantastic(非常好的),butitleavesmanyforeignersataloss(让……迷惑)forwhattodo.InmostWesternrestaurantsandhomestherearerulesabouthowtotalk,eatandsitthatarehighlyrestrictive(受限制的),andtheycreateanatmosphere(气氛)thatiscompletelydifferentfromwhatwefindhereinChina.Inmychildhoodhome,dinnerwasenjoyedwithhus
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