英语六级全部阅读.docx
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英语六级全部阅读.docx
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英语六级全部阅读
2011年6月
PassageOne
Questions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Attheheartofthedebateoverillegalimmigrationliesonekeyquestion:
areimmigrantsgoodorbadfortheeconomy?
TheAmericanpublicoverwhelminglythinksthey'rebad.Yettheconsensusamongmosteconomistsisthatimmigration,bothlegalandillegal,providesasmallnetboosttotheeconomy.Immigrantsprovidecheaplabor,lowerthepricesofeverythingfromfarmproducetonewhomes,andleaveconsumerswithalittlemoremoneyintheirpockets.Sowhyistheresuchadiscrepancybetweentheperceptionofimmigrants'impactontheeconomyandthereality?
Thereareanumberoffamiliartheories.Somearguethatpeopleareanxiousandfeelthreatenedbyaninflowofnewworkers.Othershighlightthestrainthatundocumentedimmigrantsplaceonpublicservices,likeschools,hospitals,andjails.Stillothersemphasizetheroleofrace,arguingthatforeignersaddtothenation'sfearsandinsecurities.There'ssometruthtoalltheseexplanations,buttheyaren'tquitesufficient.
Togetabetterunderstandingofwhat'sgoingon,considerthewayimmigration'simpactisfelt.Thoughitsoveralleffectmaybepositive,itscostsandbenefitsaredistributedunevenly.DavidCard,aneconomistatUCBerkeley,notesthattheoneswhoprofitmostdirectlyfromimmigrants'low-costlaborarebusinessesandemployers–meatpackingplantsinNebraska,forinstance,oragriculturalbusinessesinCalifornia.Granted,theseproducers'savingsprobablytranslateintolowerpricesatthegrocerystore,buthowmanyconsumersmakethatmentalconnectionatthecheckoutcounter?
Asforthedrawbacksofillegalimmigration,these,too,areconcentrated.Nativelow-skilledworkerssuffermostfromthecompetitionofforeignlabor.AccordingtoastudybyGeorgeBorjas,aHarvardeconomist,immigrationreducedthewagesofAmericanhigh-schooldropoutsby9%between1980-2000.
Amonghigh-skilled,better-educatedemployees,however,oppositionwasstrongestinstateswithbothhighnumbersofimmigrantsandrelativelygeneroussocialservices.Whatworriedthemmost,inotherwords,wasthefiscal(财政的)burdenofimmigration.Thatconclusionwasreinforcedbyanotherfinding:
thattheiroppositionappearedtosoftenwhenthatfiscalburdendecreased,asoccurredwithwelfarereforminthe1990s,whichcurbedimmigrants'accesstocertainbenefits.
Theironyisthatforalltheoverexciteddebate,theneteffectofimmigrationisminimal.Evenforthosemostacutelyaffected–say,low-skilledworkers,orCaliforniaresidents–theimpactisn'tallthatdramatic."Theunpleasantvoiceshavetendedtodominateourperceptions,"saysDanielTichenor,apoliticalscienceprofessorattheUniversityofOregon."Butwhenallthosefactorsareputtogetherandtheeconomistscalculatethenumbers,itendsupbeinganetpositive,butasmallone."Toobadmostpeopledon'trealizeit.
52.Whatcanwelearnfromthefirstparagraph?
A)Whetherimmigrantsaregoodorbadfortheeconomyhasbeenpuzzlingeconomists.
B)TheAmericaneconomyusedtothriveonimmigrationbutnowit'sadifferentstory.
C)Theconsensusamongeconomistsisthatimmigrationshouldnotbeencouraged.
D)Thegeneralpublicthinksdifferentlyfrommosteconomistsontheimpactofimmigration.
53.InwhatwaydoestheauthorthinkordinaryAmericansbenefitfromimmigration?
A)Theycanaccessallkindsofpublicservices.
B)Theycangetconsumergoodsatlowerprices.
C)Theycanmixwithpeopleofdifferentcultures.
D)Theycanavoiddoingmuchofthemanuallabor.
54.Whydonativelow-skilledworkerssuffermostfromillegalimmigration?
A)Theyhavegreaterdifficultygettingwelfaresupport.
B)Theyaremorelikelytoencounterinterracialconflicts.
C)Theyhaveahardertimegettingajobwithdecentpay.
D)Theyarenomatchforillegalimmigrantsinlaborskills.
55.Whatisthechiefconcernofnativehigh-skilled,better-educatedemployeesabouttheinflowofimmigrants?
A)Itmaychangetheexistingsocialstructure.
B)Itmayposeathreattotheireconomicstatus.
C)Itmayleadtosocialinstabilityinthecountry.
D)Itmayplaceagreatstrainonthestatebudget.
56.Whatistheironyaboutthedebateoverimmigration?
A)Eveneconomistscan'treachaconsensusaboutitsimpact.
B)Thosewhoareopposedtoitturnouttobenefitmostfromit.
C)Peoplearemakingtoobigafussaboutsomethingofsmallimpact.
D)Thereisnoessentialdifferencebetweenseeminglyoppositeopinions.
PassageTwo
Questions57to61arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
PictureatypicalMBAlecturetheatretwentyyearsago.Initthemajorityofstudentswillhaveconformedtothestandardmodelofthetime:
male,middleclassandWestern.Walkintoaclasstoday,however,andyou'llgetacompletelydifferentimpression.Forastart,youwillnowseeplentymorewomen–theUniversityofPennsylvania'sWhartonSchool,forexample,boaststhat40%ofitsnewenrolmentisfemale.Youwillalsoseeawiderangeofethnicgroupsandnationalsofpracticallyeverycountry.
Itmightbetempting,therefore,tothinkthattheoldbarriershavebeenbrokendownandequalopportunityachieved.But,increasingly,thisapparentdiversityisbecomingamaskforanewtypeofconformity.Behindthedifferencesinsex,skintonesandmothertongues,therearecommonattitudes,expectationsandambitionswhichriskcreatingasetofclonesamongthebusinessleadersofthefuture.
Diversity,itseems,hasnothelpedtoaddressfundamentalweaknessesinbusinessleadership.Sowhatcanbedonetocreatemoreeffectivemanagersofthecommercialworld?
AccordingtoValerieGauthier,associatedeanatHECParis,thekeyliesintheprocessbywhichMBAprogrammesrecruittheirstudents.Atthemomentcandidatesareselectedonafairlynarrowsetofcriteriasuchasprioracademicandcareerperformance,andanalyticalandproblemsolvingabilities.Thisisthencoupledtoaschool'spictureofwhatadiverseclassshouldlooklike,withtheresultthatpassport,ethnicoriginandsexcanallbecomeinfluencingfactors.Butschoolsrarelydigdowntofindoutwhatreallymakesanapplicantsucceed,tocreateaclasswhichalsocontainsdiversityofattitudeandapproach–arguablytheonlydiversitythat,inabusinesscontext,reallymatters.
ProfessorGauthierbelievesschoolsshouldnotjustbeselectingcandidatesfromtraditionalsectorssuchasbanking,consultancyandindustry.Theyshouldalsobeseekingindividualswhohavebackgroundsinareassuchaspoliticalscience,thecreativearts,historyorphilosophy,whichwillallowthemtoputbusinessdecisionsintoawidercontext.
Indeed,theredoesseemtobeademandforthemoreroundedleaderssuchdiversitymightcreate.AstudybyMannaz,aleadershipdevelopmentcompany,suggeststhat,whilethebully-boychiefexecutiveofoldmaynothavebeeneradicatedcompletely,thereisadefiniteshiftinemphasistowardslesstoughstylesofmanagement–atleastinAmericaandEurope.Perhapsmostsignificant,accordingtoMannaz,istheincreasinginterestlargecompanieshaveinmorecollaborativemanagementmodels,suchasthoseprevalentinScandinavia,whichseektointegratethehardandsoftaspectsofleadershipandencouragedelegatedresponsibilityandaccountability.
57.Whatcharacterisesthebusinessschoolstudentpopulationoftoday?
A)Greaterdiversity.C)Exceptionaldiligence.
B)Intellectualmaturity.D)Higherambition.
58.Whatistheauthor'sconcernaboutcurrentbusinessschooleducation?
A)Itwillarousestudents'unrealisticexpectations.
B)Itwillproducebusinessleadersofauniformstyle.
C)Itfocusesontheoryratherthanonpracticalskills.
D)Itstressescompetitionratherthancooperation.
59.WhataspectofdiversitydoesValerieGauthierthinkismostimportant?
A)Ageandeducationalbackground.C)Attitudeandapproachtobusiness.
B)Socialandprofessionalexperience.D)Ethnicoriginandgender.
60.WhatapplicantsdoestheauthorthinkMBAprogrammesshouldconsiderrecruiting?
A)Applicantswithpriorexperienceinbusinesscompanies.
B)Applicantswithsoundknowledgeinmathandstatistics.
C)Applicantsfromoutsidethetraditionalsectors.
D)Applicantsfromlessdevelopedregionsandareas.
61.WhatdoesMannazsayaboutthecurrentmanagementstyle?
A)Itiseradicatingthetoughaspectsofmanagement.
B)Itencouragesmaleandfemaleexecutivestoworksidebyside.
C)Itadoptsthebully-boychiefexecutivemodel.
D)Itisshiftingtowardsmorecollaborativemodels.
2011年12月
PassageOne
Questions52to56arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
What'stheonewordofadviceawell-meaningprofessionalwouldgivetoarecentcollegegraduate?
China"}India!
Brazil!
Howabouttrade!
WhentheCommerceDepartmentreportedlastweekthatthetradedeficitinJuneapproached$50billion,itsetoffanewroundofeconomicdoomsaying.Imports,whichsoaredto$200.3billioninthemonth,aresubtractedinthecalculationofgrossdomesticproduct.Thelargerthetradedeficit,thesmallertheGDP.Shouldsuchimbalancescontinue,pessimistssay,theycouldcontributetoslowergrowth.
Butthere'sanotherwayoflookingatthetradedata.Overthepasttwoyears,thefiguresonimportsandexportsseemnottosignaladouble-diprecession–areneweddeclineinthebroadlevelofeconomicactivityintheUnitedStates–butaneconomicexpansion.
Therisingvolumeoftrade–moregoodsandservicesshuttlinginandoutoftheUnitedStates–isgoodnewsformanysectors.Companiesengagedinshipping,trucking,railfreight,delivery,
andlogistics(物流)haveallbeenreportingbetterthanexpectedresults.Therising
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