语言学教程补充练习.docx

语言学教程补充练习.docx

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语言学教程补充练习

Chapter1Introduction

Ⅰ.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.

2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.

3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.

4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.

5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.

6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.

7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.

8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.

9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.

10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.

11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.

12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.

13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.

14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.

15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.

16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.

17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.

18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.

19.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthewrittenlanguage.

20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.

Ⅱ.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sknowledge_oftherulesofhislanguage.

22.Languereferstothe____abstract______linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.

23._Duality___isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:

alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.

24.Languageisasystemof___arbitrary______vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.

25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalled___syntax_____.

26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasa___genetic____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.

27.___Parole____referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.

28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownas____applied____linguistics.

29.Languageis____productive_______inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.

30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthe___scientific（orsystematic）____studyoflanguage.

Ⅲ.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement:

31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe___C____.

A.prescriptive

B.analytic

C.descriptive

D.linguistic

32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?

D

A.Arbitrariness

B.Displacement

C.Duality

D.Meaningfulness

33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas___C____.

A.primary

B.correct

C.secondary

D.stable

34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because____D___.

A.inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting

B.speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed

C.speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue

D.Alloftheabove

35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa___B____studyoflanguage.

A.synchronic

B.diachronic

C.prescriptive

D.comparative

36.Saussuretooka（n）_______viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma____A____pointofview.

A.sociological…psychological

B.psychological…sociological

C.applied…pragmatic

D.semantic…linguistic

37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,___C____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.

A.parole

B.performance

C.langue

D.Language

38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween___B____andmeanings.

A.sense

B.sounds

C.objects

D.ideas

39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled____A___,

A.displacement

B.duality

C.flexibility9

D.culturaltransmission

40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough___D____,ratherthanbyinstinct.

A.learning

B.teaching

C.books

D.bothAandB

Ⅳ.Definethefollowingterms:

41.Linguistics

42.Phonology

43.Syntax

44.Pragmatics

45.Psycholinguistics

46.Language

47.Phonetics

48.Morphology

49.Semantics

50.Sociolinguistics

51.AppliedLinguistics

52.Arbitrariness

53.Productivity

54.Displacement

55.Duality

56.DesignFeatures

57.Competence

58.Performance

59.Langue

60.Parole

Ⅴ.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:

61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.

62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?

Illustratethemwithexamples.

63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?

64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?

65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?

66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?

67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?

68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?

69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?

Why?

Chapter2Phonology

Ⅰ.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:

1.VoicingisaphonologicalfeaturethatdistinguishesmeaninginbothChineseandEnglish.T

2.Iftwophoneticallysimilarsoundsoccurinthesameenvironmentsandtheydistinguishmeaning,theyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.F

3.Aphoneisaphoneticunitthatdistinguishesmeaning.F

4.EnglishisatonelanguagewhileChineseisnot.F

5.Inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting.T

6.Ineverydaycommunication,speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.T

7.Articulatoryphoneticstriestodescribethephysicalpropertiesofthestreamofsoundswhichaspeakerissueswiththehelpofamachinecalledspectrograph.F

8.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingarecontainedinthreeimportantareas:

thethroat,themouthandthechest.F

9.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsinaqualityofspeechsoundscalledvoicing.T

10.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofplaceofarticulationandthepartofthetonguethatisraisedthehighest.F

11.Accordingtothemannerofarticulation,someofthetypesintowhichtheconsonantscanbeclassifiedarestops,fricatives,bilabialandalveolar.F

12.Vowelsoundscanbedifferentiatedbyanumberoffactors:

thepositionoftongueinthemouth,theopennessofthemouth,theshapeofthelips,andthelengthofthevowels.T

13.Accordingtotheshapeofthelips,vowelscanbeclassifiedintoclosevowels,semi-closevowels,semi-openvowelsandopenvowels.F

14.Anysoundproducedbyahumanbeingisaphoneme.F

15.Phonesarethesoundsthatcandistinguishmeaning.F

16.Phonologyisconcernedwithhowthesoundscanbeclassifiedintodifferentcategories.F

17.Abasicwaytodeterminethephonemesofalanguageistoseeifsubstitutingonesoundforanotherresultsinachangeofmeaning.T

18.Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.F

19.Therulesgoverningthephonologicalpatterningarelanguagespecific.T

20.Distinctivefeaturesofsoundsegmentscanbefoundrunningoverasequenceoftwoormorephonemicsegments.T

Ⅱ.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:

21.Aspiration_referstoastrongpuffofairstreamintheproductionofspeechsounds.

22.Articulatory__phoneticsdescribesthewayourspeechorgansworktoproducethespeechsoundsandhowtheydiffer.

23.Thefoursounds/p/,/b/,/m/and/w/haveonefeatureincommon,i.e.,theyareallbilabial_sounds.

24.Ofallthespeechorgans,thetongue_isthemostflexible,andisresponsibleforvarietiesofarticulationthananyother.

25.Englishconsonantscanbeclassifiedintermsofmannerofarticulationorintermsofplace___ofarticulation.

26.Whentheobstructioncreatedbythespeechorgansistotalorcomplete,thespeechsoundproducedwiththeobstruction