文化负载语篇翻译策略的选择《红楼梦》两种译本的比较分析.docx
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文化负载语篇翻译策略的选择《红楼梦》两种译本的比较分析.docx
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文化负载语篇翻译策略的选择《红楼梦》两种译本的比较分析
Abstract
ScholarshaveneverceasedtoshowtheirinterestinthetwocompleteEnglishversionsofHonglouMeng(namely,ADreamofRedMansionstranslatedbydistinguishedscholarYangHsien-yiandhiswifeGladysYangandTheStoryoftheStonetranslatedbyEnglishsinologistDavidHawksandhisson-in-lawJohnMinford)sincetheycameoutinthe1970s.Afteryearsofstudies,scholarsgenerallyagreethattheYangsemployforeignizationwhileDavidHawksisinclinedtousedomesticationintheirrespectivetranslation.TheauthorofthisthesiswillcomparetwoversionsfromtheperspectiveoffivesubsystemsofculturewhichareclassifiedbyEugeneNidasoastoexplore,inthetimesofglobalizationwhenChinesecultureisnotasunfamiliarasitwasinthelastcenturytoforeigners,whichtranslationstrategy,foreignizationordomestication,ismoreconducivetothespreadofChinesecultureallaroundtheworld.
Keywords:
translationofHonglouMeng,domestication,foreignization,culturaltransmission
摘要
自上世纪七十年代《红楼梦》的两个英文全译本(分别为杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇合译的ADreamofRedMansions和霍克斯、闵福德翁婿合译的TheStoryoftheStone)问世以来,关于两种译本的对比研究接踵而至。
译界普遍认为杨译本侧重异化的翻译策略,而霍译本则多用归化的翻译策略。
本文将从不同文化因素翻译的角度,通过对两个译本进行对比,探讨在当今全球化的时代,译者在归化、异化这两种翻译策略当中应当如何取舍,从而使其更有利于中国文化在世界的传播。
关键词:
红楼梦翻译归化异化文化传播
TranslationStrategiesChosenforCulture-LoadedTexts
——AComparativeStudyoftheTwoEnglishVersionsofHonglouMeng
Introduction
HonglouMeng,regardedastheencyclopediaofChina’sfeudalsociety,representsthepeakofChineseclassicalnovels.BynarratingthestoriesoftheJiafamily,itinvolvesalmosteveryaspectofthesocietyofthattimeincludingpolitics,economy,andculture,etc.TherenownedredologistZhouRuchangoncedescribedHonglouMengasthemostdirectwayonecanlearnaboutChina(11).Sinceitspublication,thenovelhasbeentranslatedintoseverallanguagesandreceivedreputationallaroundtheworld.Amongallthosetranslatedworks,themostinfluentialonesaretwocompleteEnglishversionspublishedinthe1970s,namely,ADreamofRedMansionstranslatedbydistinguishedscholarYangHsien-yiandhiswifeGladysYangandTheStoryoftheStonetranslatedbyEnglishsinologistDavidHawksandhisson-in-lawJohnMinford.Translatingliteraryworks,especiallyaheavilyculture-loadedworklikeHonglouMeng,providesforeignerswithagoodopportunitytogetintouchwithacountry.
Whattranslationintendstorealizeisexchanginginformationbetweendifferentlanguages.Everylanguage,however,hasitsownvocabulary,syntaxstructure,andmeansofexpression,thustranslation,asaspecialcommunicativebehavior,canonlyrealizeitsvaluewhenbeingunderstoodandacceptedbyitsreaders.Thatiswhytranslatorsshould,tothegreatestextent,employsmoothandfluentexpressionsinconformitywithprinciplesandhabitsoftargetlanguage.Meanwhile,therenownedscholarWangZuoliangoncecommentedthattranslatorsvirtuallyfacetwokindsofculturewhentheydealwithindividualwords(79).Translatingsomethingfromsourcelanguagetotargetlanguage,asamatteroffact,istheprocessofcultureexchangesandtranslationperformsasasignificantmediumofthedialogueandcommunicationbetweendifferentcultures.
Thehistoryoftranslationhasalwaysbeenaccompaniedbyadebateoverstrategieschosenfortranslation,particularlyfortranslationofculturalcontents.ThetwotranslationstrategieswerefirsttermedasforeignizationanddomesticationbyanAmericanscholar,LawrenceVenuti(29).Therehaveemergedendlessdiscussionsanddebatesoverthosetwostrategiessincetheywereputforward.Inthefieldoftranslation,attentionwastraditionallypaidtolinguistictransformationratherthanculturaltransformation.Translationstudiesnowadays,however,aremoreculture-oriented.That,however,doesnotmeanthatasinglestrategyiscompletelyrightorwrong.AsdifferentversionsofHonglouMengwhichcontainsimmenseculturalfactors,bothADreamofRedMansionsbytheYangsandTheStoryoftheStonebyHawkshavereceivedgreatreputationandpromotedthespreadofChineseculturedespitetheirbasicallydifferentchoicesoftranslationstrategies—theYangspreferforeignizationwhileHawksemploysdomesticationmorefrequently.
EugeneNidahasclassifiedcultureintofivesubsystemsincludingecologicalculture,materialculture,socialculture,religiousculture,andlinguisticculture(58).Theauthorofthisthesiswillconductacomparisonofculture-loadedexamplescitedfromthetwoEnglishversionsofHonglouMengintermsofmaterialcultureandtheauthorfurtherexploresthereasonswhytranslatorshavemainlychoseneitherstrategyintheirtranslation.Bytheseanalyses,theauthorofthispaperintendstofindoutthat,inthetimesofglobalizationwhenChinesecultureisnotasunfamiliarasitwasinthelastcenturytoforeigners,whichtranslationstrategy,foreignizationordomestication,ismoreconducivetothespreadofChinesecultureallaroundtheworld.
ChapterOneAnOverviewofForeignizationandDomestication
1.1OriginsandDefinitionsofForeignizationandDomestication
TheoriginsofthesetwoconceptscanbetracedbacktoGermanphilosopherFriedrichSchleiermacher’sessayOntheDifferentMethodsofTranslatingdeliveredatameetingin1813.Intheessay,Schleiermacherpointsthatthereareonlytwodifferentmethodsoftranslationbywhich“eitherthetranslatorleavestheauthorinpeaceasmuchaspossibleandbringthereaderstohim,orhecanleavethereaderinpeaceasmuchaspossibleandbringthewritertohim”(Schleiermacher,OntheDifferentMethodsofTranslating).Generallyspeaking,theformerissourcelanguageorientedwhilethelatteristargetlanguageoriented.ThisviewpointofSchleiermacherhasexertedfar-reachinginfluenceuponthedevelopmentoftranslationafterwards.
LawrenceVenuti,anAmericandeconstructiontheorist,termsthesetwoconceptsasforeignizingmethod(foreignization)anddomesticatingmethod(domestication)inhisTheTranslator’sInvisibility:
AHistoryofTranslationin1995.AccordingtoVenuti,theformerrefersto“anethnodeviantpressureonthose(cultural)valuestoregisterthelinguisticandculturaldifferenceoftheforeigntext,sendingthereaderabroad,”whilethelatteris“anethnocentricreductionoftheforeigntexttotarget-languageculturalvalues,bringingtheauthorbackhome.”(20)
OnthebasisofVenuti’stheory,MarkShuttleworthandMoiraCowie,inDictionaryofTranslationStudies,defineforeignizationas“atermusedbyVenutitodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichatargettextisproducedwhichdeliberatelybreakstargetconventionsbyretainingsomethingoftheforeignnessoftheoriginal,”anddomesticationas“atermusedbyVenutitodesignatethetypeoftranslationinwhichatransparent,fluentstyleisadoptedtominimizethestrangenessoftheforeigntextfortargetlanguagereaders,whileforeignizationmeans.”(Shuttleworth59)
1.2TheDebateovertheApplicationofForeignizationandDomestication
Adoptingwhichstrategy,foreignizationordomestication,andunderwhatcircumstancesthetwostrategiesshouldberespectivelyusedtofulfillthepurposeoftranslationhaslongbeenheatedlydiscussed.Scholarsathomeandabroadhaveheldvariousopinionstowardsthisissue.
1.2.1TheDiscussionofForeignizationandDomesticationatHome
InChina,thedebateoverthetwostrategiescandatebacktothedualistictheoryinthetranslationofBuddhistsutrasbeginningintheHandynasty.Thedebatefocusesontwotranslationmethodsknownas“Wen”and“Zhi”whichmeanstranslatingwithorientationlaidrespectivelyontheoutwardstructureandactualmeaningofthesutras.
Whenitcomestomoderntimes,thecontroversyovertranslationstandardsof“faithfulness”and“smoothness”emergingduringtheNewCultureMovementarousesdebatesoverliteraltranslationandfreetranslation.
LuXunisinfavorofliteraltranslationandforeignization,whichmakeshistranslationsometimesnotsoidiomatic.He,nevertheless,insistsonretainingtheforeignnessofworkssoastointroducenewthoughtsandideasintoChina.TherepresentativeofdomesticationintranslationisQianZhongshuwhoputsforwardthefamousnorminevaluatingtranslation,namely,huajing,orperfectioninEnglish.
ThedebateoverforeignizationanddomesticationnowadaysinChinacanbeviewedastheextensionandupgradeofthediscussionpopularduringtheperiodfromthe1920sto1930s.
1.2.2TheDiscussionofForeignizationandDomesticationabroad
Incontemporaryfieldoftranslation,EugeneNida’stheoryofdynamicorfunctionalequivalenceisregardedasarepresentativeofdomestication.Focusingonthecommunicativefunctionoftranslation,Nidaholdsthat“translationshouldarousethesamefeelinginitsreceptorsasthefeelingofthereadersoftheoriginal”(68)
LawrenceVenutihimselfisinfavorofforeignizingmethod.Reviewingthehistoryoftranslationpracticeinwesterncountries,Venuticriticizesthetrendthattranslationistargetlanguageoriented.Hesupportsforeignization,forthemethodpreservestheforeignnessandothernessoftheforeigncultureandbelievesthat“atranslatedtextshouldbethesitewhereadifferentcultureemerges,whereareadergetsaglimpseofaculturalotherness,andresistance.”Venutiemphasizesthatforeignization,tosomeextent,restrictstheethnocentricviolenceonforeignculture,hence,“foreignizingtranslationinEnglishcanbeaformofresistanceagainstethnocentrismandracism,culturalnarcissismandimperialism,intheinterestsofdemocraticgeopoliticalrelations.”(55)
ChapterTwoAContrastiveStudyoftheTranslationStrategiesEm
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- 关 键 词:
- 红楼梦 文化 负载 翻译 策略 选择 译本 比较 分析
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