中英文化中非言语交际之身势语的比较研究.docx

中英文化中非言语交际之身势语的比较研究.docx

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中英文化中非言语交际之身势语的比较研究

AComparativeStudyofBodyBehaviorsasawayof

NonverbalCommunicationbetweenChineseandEnglishCulture

中英文化中非言语交际之身势语的比较研究

Abstract

Bodylanguageisanimportantpartofnonverbalcommunicationanditisconnectedwithculture.Inordertomakesuccessfulexchangeincross-culturalcommunication,weshouldknowthebodylanguagefromdifferentcultures.Andweshouldrealizethatbodylanguage,likeverbalcommunicationandculture,alsohasmanysimilaritiesallovertheworld.However,bodylanguagefromdifferentcultureshasmanydifferencesbecauseofdifferentregions,racesandculturalcustoms.Anditisrestrictedbyitscultureandhasdifferentculturalconnotations.Thatistosay,thesamebodylanguagehasdifferentmeaningsindifferentculturesandhasdifferentsocialfunctions.Itaimstoillustratethedifferencesandsimilaritiesofbodylanguageandputforwardtheprinciplesofreducingbarriersincommunicationsoastoachieveefficientcommunicationandtoavoidmisunderstanding.

[KeyWords]NonverbalCommunication;BodyLanguage;CulturalDifferencesandSimilarities;Principles

【摘要】身势语是非语言交际的重要组成部分并和文化紧密联系在一起。

为了在跨文化交际中能够成功地进行交流，我们应该了解不同文化的身势语，必须承认世界各国的身势语与语言和文化一样，也有相似之处。

然而，由于地域，种族，文化习俗的差异，不同文化的身势语有许多差异。

它们由文化制约并拥有独特的文化内涵。

也就是说，同样的身势语在不同文化背景下有不同的含义，行使着不同的社会功能。

本文致力于从目光语，手势语，身体姿态，面部表情，体触语方面对不同文化的身势语进行对比。

目的在于通过列举身势语的文化差异与共性，并提出交际中遵循的原则，从而促进有效交流，避免误解。

【关键词】非语言交际；身势语；文化异同；原则

Chapter1Introduction

1.1Background（7浅谈身势语的introduction）

Peoplecancommunicatewitheachotherthroughnotonlyverbalcommunicationbutalsononverbalcommunication.Moreover,thelatterplaysanessentialroleinhumancommunication.Nonverbalcommunicationisconnectedwithculturesanditistheresultofcultures.Butmanypeoplepaygreatattentiontotheacceptanceandcorrectnessoftheverbalcommunicationandoverlooktheinfluenceandculturaldifferenceofnonverbalcommunication.Thenthemisunderstandingandculturalcrashoftenoccurinthecross-culturalcommunication.Sointheprocessofcommunication,itisnotacompletecommunicationwhileignoringtheculturaldifferencesofnonverbalcommunication.AfamousanthropologistE.T.Hallpointedout“Silentlanguageexpressesmoreinformationthanverballanguage.Becauseitcontainsmuchinformation.”Accordingtosomeresearchersabroad,inpeople’sdailylife,nonverbalcommunicationtakespartover65%inallofinformationexchange.Andbodylanguageisanimportantpartofnonverbalcommunication.Manyexpertshaveshowntheimportanceofbodylanguageinthecross-culturalcommunication.“Apsychologistproposedaformula:

thetotalimpactofmessage=7%verbal+38%vocal+55%facialexpressionsandbehavior.”[1]p89Itisclearwithoutbodylanguagewecan’tfinishourinformationalexchange.Bodylanguage,likeverballanguagecanexpressemotions,exchangeideasanddeliverinformation.Sowemustknowtheculturaldifferencesofbodylanguagetoachieveefficientcommunication.

1.2ThePurposeofThisThesis（7浅谈身势语的abstract中间）

Thisarticledevotestoacomparisonandcontrastofbodylanguageindifferentculturesintermsofeyelanguage,gestures,postures,facialexpressionsandtouch.ThepurposeofwritingthisthesisisthattheauthorisveryinterestedinbodylanguagebothinChinaandwesterncountries.Forbodylanguageisveryinterestingandithasgreateffectsonhumanbeingscommunication.Here,theauthordecidedtoexplorethedifferentbodylanguagebetweenChinaandwesterncountries,hopingtogetthefurtherstudy.Ontheotherhand,knowingmuchknowledgeaboutdifferentbodylanguageindifferentcountryisinaccordancewiththeauthor’smajor,whichwillhelptheauthortoknowthebackgroundofChineseandwesterncountriesthroughtheirculturedifferences,afterall,bodylanguagecanreflecttheimportantconditionofacountry,especiallypeople’sconcept,custom.AllofthosegivemetheideatostudytheChineseandwesternbodylanguage.

Chapter2.LiteratureReview

2.1StudiesAbroad（7浅谈身势语的introduction）

AfamousanthropologistE.T.Hallpointedout“Silentlanguageexpressesmoreinformationthanverballanguage.Becauseitcontainsmuchinformation.”Accordingtosomeresearchersabroad,inpeople’sdailylife,nonverbalcommunicationtakespartover65%inallofinformationexchange.Andbodylanguageisanimportantpartofnonverbalcommunication.Manyexpertshaveshowntheimportanceofbodylanguageinthecross-culturalcommunication.“Apsychologistproposedaformula:

thetotalimpactofmessage=7%verbal+38%vocal+55%facialexpressionsandbehavior.”Itisclearwithoutbodylanguagewecan’tfinishourinformationalexchange.Bodylanguage,likeverballanguagecanexpressemotions,exchangeideasanddeliverinformation.Sowemustknowtheculturaldifferencesofbodylanguagetoachieveefficientcommunication.

Beforethe20thcentury,Darwin,inhisfamousbookTheExpressionoftheEmotioninManandAnimals,alreadymentionedthis.Ithasmadegreatinfluenceandsignificancesonthestudyofmodernnonverbalcommunication.Inthefirsthalfofthe20thcentury,thestudyinthisfieldhasn'tbeenformedsystematically,andstudiesatthattimeonlyfocusedonsomeindividualaspects,suchassound,appearance,clothingandfacialexpressions.

Inthatperiod,themostinfluentialworksincludeKretschmer'sPhysiqueandCharacter,theVariationofHumanPhysique,andthelastoneisGestureandEnvironmentbyDavidEfronin1941.Inthe1950''snonverbalcommunicationmadeabreakthroughdevelopment.Birdwhistell'sIntroductiontoKinesicsandHall'sTheSilentLanguagecanbeseenasthefoundationstone.Inthe1960''s,thestudywastakenwithfurtherstep,andbeganthestudiesonman'sdifferentgestures.

DuringthisperiodEkmanandFriesencontributedthemost.Theywrotearticlesaboutthecause,useanddecodingofnonverbalcommunications.Therewerealotofresearchpapersandworkspublishedinthe1970's.Onedistinguishingbookthatcan'tbeignoredisBodyLanguagebyFast.Sincethe1980''s,thestudyonbodylanguagehasfurtherdeveloped,andsomecontrastiveanalysisinthisfieldhasbeencarriedout,suchastheeffortmadebyBiJiwan.HetranslatedthebookContrastiveAnalysisofBodyLanguageCommunicationbetweenChinaandEnglish-speakingCountries,whichcomprehensivelyintroducesthedifferentusesofbodylanguageindifferentcountries.

2.2StudiesatHome

Scholarsathomehavealsocontributedalot.InChinathescientificstudyofbodylanguageonlybeganattheendof1982's.TherepresentativeworksareIntroductiontoBodyLanguagebyGengErling（1988）,LanguageandCulturebyDengYanchangandLiuRunqing（1989）,PracticalBodyLanguageeditedbyFanYunhuaandLiJiequn（1991）,InternationalcommunicationbyJiaYuxin（1997）,InterculturalNonverbalCommunicationBiJiwan（1999）,andtheseriesofbooksoninterculturalcommunicationeditedandtranslatedbyHuWenzhongsuchasIntroductiontointerculturalcommunication（1999）,etc.

Generallyspeaking,theChinesescholars''studiesonbodylanguagesconsistoftwoparts:

communicativefunctionsandculturaldifferences.Onthebasicofforeignscholars''researchesChinesescholarshaveaddedmorespecificandconvincingexamplesfromChineseculture.

Judgingfromwhatismentionedabove,wecanseethatculturaldifferencesofbodylanguage,asbarrierstointerculturalcommunication,havealreadybeendrawnanincreasingattentionbyscholars.

Butthepreviousstudiesonbodylanguageareeitherfoundinthestudiesofinterculturalcommunicationandnonverbalcommunication,whichonlyconsistofseveralparagraphsorpagesandarefarfromdetailedstudies,ortheyjustmakebriefcomparisonsofbodybehaviorsinmanydifferentcultureswithdiscreteexamples,whicharenotsystematic.Untilnow,therehasbeennoresearchdoneontheChineseandWesternculturalconnotationsofbodylanguage.

Chapter3TheIntroductionofNonverbalCommunication

3.1ThedefinitionofNonverbalCommunication

Nonverbalcommunication（NVC）isusuallyunderstoodastheprocessofcommunicationthroughsendingandreceivingwordlessmessages.i.e.,languageisnottheonlysourceofcommunication,thereareothermeansalso.Definitionofnonverbalcommunication:

Nonverbalcommunicationisdefinedas“thewayinwhichpeoplecommunicate,intentionallyorunintentionally,withoutwords;nonverbalcuesincludefacialexpressions,toneofvoice,gestures,bodypositionandmovement,theuseoftouch,andgaze”（Areson,Wilson,&Akert,2010,p.84）.Nonverbalcommunicationisaconstantpartofoureverydaylives.Thisisaformatofcommunicationthatwedevelopasinfantsinanefforttocommunicateourneedstoourmothersorcaretakerindicatetousthereisbuilt-inregulatorofserialorderwithinourinfantcentralnervoussystem.Theseinterchangebetweenmothersandinfantsfromasearlyasthenewbornperiod.Weallthroughoutourinfancywentthroughthatchange,aswepreparedourselvestocommunicatenon-verbally.Theearlierwebeganournonverbalcommunicationthefasterweasinfantsareabletomoveontoverbal（Reilly,1980）.NVCcanbecommunicatedthroughgesturesandtouch（Hapticcommunication）,bybodylanguageorposture,byfacialexpressionandeyecontact.NVCcanbecommunicatedthroughobjectcommunicationsuchasclothing,hairstylesorevenarchitecture,symbolsandinfographics.Speechcontainsnonverbalelementsknownasparalanguage,includingvoicequality,emotionandspeakingstyle,aswellasprosodicfeaturessuchasrhythm,intonationandstress.Danceisalsoregardedasanonverbalcommunication.Likewise,writtentextshavenonverbalelementssuchashandwritingstyle,spatialarrangement