Task 3 Shipping DocsIncoterms.docx
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Task 3 Shipping DocsIncoterms.docx
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Task3ShippingDocsIncoterms
Workshop3task1
ExtractfromWatsonetal(2000,95):
Ininternationaltradetherearelikelytobethreeseparatecontractsoftransportforthegoods:
(a)Fromseller’spremisestoatransportoperatorwithintheseller’scountry.
(b)Fromthetransportoperator’spremisesintheseller’scountrytoanamedpointinthebuyer’scountry(e.g.aport,airport,orcontainerdepot).
(c)Fromtheport,etc.,inthebuyer’scountrytothebuyer’sownpremises.
Itisvitaltoestablishaclearlydefinedcut-offpointtoshowwheretheexporter’sresponsibilityendsandwheretheimporter’sbegins.Thiscut-offpointrefers,inthemain,topaymentoffreightandtoinsuranceofthegoodswhileintransit.Unlessthedemarcationofresponsibilityisclearlyunderstood,itwillbedifficultforanexportertopricehisgoodsaccuratelyandforanimportertocalculatethefullcostoftheimportation.
Theproblemininternationaltradeisthatdifferentcountrieshavedifferentinterpretationsofthesamecontractwording,andthisproblemcanonlybesolvedbycreatingasetofinternationallyagreedterms.
ThepurposeofINCOTERMSistoprovidesuchasetofstandardisedtermswhichmeanexactlythesametobothpartiesandwhichwillbeinterpretedinexactlythesamewaybycourtsineverycountry.
Yourtask:
Bearinginmindtheabovepointsregardingtheresponsibilitiesofeachparty,writebriefnotesidentifyingthekeydifferencesbetweenthefollowingIncoterms:
∙EXW
∙FOB
∙CFR
∙CIF
∙DEQ
Workshop3task1(Outlinesolution)
EX-Works
Oneofthesimplestandmostbasicshipmentarrangementsplacestheminimumresponsibilityonthesellerwithgreaterresponsibilityonthebuyer.
InanEX-Workstransaction,goodsarebasicallymadeavailableforpickupattheshipper/seller'sfactoryorwarehouseand"delivery"isaccomplishedwhenthemerchandiseisreleasedtotheconsignee'sfreightforwarder.
Thebuyerisresponsibleformakingarrangementswiththeirforwarderforinsurance,exportclearanceandhandlingallotherpaperwork.
FOB(FreeOnBoard)
Oneofthemostcommonlyused-andmisused-terms,FOBmeansthattheshipper/selleruseshisfreightforwardertomovethemerchandisetotheportordesignatedpointoforigin.
Thoughfrequentlyusedtodescribeinlandmovementofcargo,FOBspecificallyreferstooceanorinlandwaterwaytransportationofgoods.
"Delivery"isaccomplishedwhentheshipper/sellerreleasesthegoodstothebuyer'sforwarder.Thebuyer'sresponsibilityforinsuranceandtransportationbeginsatthesamemoment.
CFR(CostandFreight)
ThistermformerlyknownasCNF(C&F)definestwodistinctandseparateresponsibilities-oneisdealingwiththeactualcostofmerchandise"C"andtheother"F"referstothefreightchargestoapredetermineddestinationpoint.
Itistheshipper/seller'sresponsibilitytogetgoodsfromtheirdoortotheportofdestination."Delivery"isaccomplishedatthistime.
Itisthebuyer'sresponsibilitytocoverinsurancefromtheportoforiginorportofshipmenttobuyer'sdoor.
Giventhattheshipperisresponsiblefortransportation,theshipperalsochoosestheforwarder.
CIF(Cost,InsuranceandFreight)
ThisarrangementsimilartoCFR,butinsteadofthebuyerinsuringthegoodsforthemaritimephaseofthevoyage,theshipper/sellerwillinsurethemerchandise.
Inthisarrangement,thesellerusuallychoosestheforwarder."Delivery"asabove,isaccomplishedattheportofdestination.
DEQ(DeliveredExQuay)
Inthisarrangement,thebuyer/consigneeisresponsiblefordutiesandchargesandthesellerisresponsiblefordeliveringthegoodstothequay,wharforportofdestination.
Inareversalofpreviouspractice,thebuyermustalsoarrangeforcustomsclearance.
Averyusefulwebsite:
Incoterms(InternationalCommercialTerms)areaseriesofinternationalsalestermswidelyusedthroughouttheworld.Theydefinemonetarytransactionandroleresponsibilitiesforbothsidesoftheinternationaltradingbuyerandsellertransaction.Thepurposeofstandardizedincotermsistodetermineexportandimportclearanceresponsibilities,whoisowningtheriskfortheconditionoftheproductsateachstageinthetransportprocess,andwhoisresponsibleforpayingforwhat.
Incotermswerefirstproducedin1936.Sincethattimeexpertinternationaltradelawyersandpractitionershavemadesixupdates,completingin2000.Contractsthatincludeincoterms,producedin2008or2009,shouldabidebythe2000standard.
HereistheshortlistoftheIncotermdefinitionsfromtheInternationalChamberofCommercethatyoushouldbefamiliarwith:
EXW“ExWorks”(工厂交货)
Thesellerdeliverswhenheplacesthegoodsatthedisposalofthebuyerattheseller'spremisesoranothernamedplace(i.e.works,factory,warehouse,etc.)notclearedforexportandnotloadedonanycollectingvehicle.
Thistermthusrepresentstheminimumobligationfortheseller,andthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksinvolvedintakingthegoodsfromtheseller'spremises.
FCA"FreeCarrier"(货交承运人)
Thesellerdeliversthegoods,clearedforexport,tothecarriernominatedbythebuyeratthenamedplace.
Itshouldbenotedthatthechosenplaceofdeliveryhasanimpactontheobligationsofloadingandunloadingthegoodsatthatplace.Ifdeliveryoccursattheseller'spremises,thesellerisresponsibleforloading.Ifdeliveryoccursatanyotherplace,thesellerisnotresponsibleforunloading.
Thistermmaybeusedirrespectiveofthemodeoftransport,includingmultimodaltransport.
"Carrier"meansanypersonwho,inacontractofcarriage,undertakestoperformortoprocuretheperformanceoftransportbyrail,road,air,sea,inlandwaterwayorbyacombinationofsuchmodes.
Ifthebuyernominatesapersonotherthanacarriertoreceivethegoods,thesellerisdeemedtohavefulfilledhisobligationtodeliverthegoodswhentheyaredeliveredtothatperson.
FAS“FreeAlongsideShip”(装运港船边交货)
Thesellerdeliverswhenthegoodsareplacedalongsidethevesselatthenamedportofshipment.
Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossordamageofthegoodsfromthatmoment.TheFAStermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.
FOB"FreeonBoard”(装运港船上交货)
Thesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheship'scallatthenamedportofshipment.Thismeansthatthebuyerhastobearallcostsandrisksoflossofordamagetothegoodsfromthatpoint.
TheFOBtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.
Thistermcanbeusedonlyforseaorinlandwaterwaytransport.ManypeopleuseeitherFOBorCIFandaren'tsureoftheexactdifferences.SourceJuicewroteanarticleToFOBofCIFThatisTheQuestionwhichmaybeofassistance.
CFR"CostandFreight"(成本加运费)
Thesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheship'srailintheportofshipment.Thesellermustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestinationbuttheriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimeofdelivery,aretransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.TheCFRtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.
CIF“CostInsuranceandFreight"(成本加保险费和运费)
Thesellerdeliverswhenthegoodspasstheship'srailintheportofshipment.Thesellermustpaythecostsandfreightnecessarytobringthegoodstothenamedportofdestination,buttheriskoflossofordamagetothegoods,aswellasanyadditionalcostsduetoeventsoccurringafterthetimeofdelivery,aretransferredfromthesellertothebuyer.
However,withCIFtheselleralsohastoprocuremarineinsuranceagainstthebuyer’sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.Consequently,thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremium.ThebuyershouldnotethatundertheCIFtermthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcoverage.Shouldthebuyerwishtohaveprotectionofgreatercoverage,hewouldeitherneedtoagreeasmuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakehisownextrainsurancearrangements.
TheCIFtermrequiresthesellertoclearthegoodsforexport.Thistermcanbeusedonlyforseaandinlandwaterwaytransport.Ifthepartiesdonotintendtodeliverthegoodsacrosstheship'srail,theCIPtermshouldbeused.
CIP"CarriageandInsurancepaidto..."(运费、保险费付至)
Thesellerdeliversthegoodstothecarriernominatedbyhimbutthesellermustinadditionpaythecostofcarriagenecessarytobringthegoodstothenameddestination.Thismeansthatthebuyerbearsallrisksandanyadditionalcostsoccurringafterthegoodshavebeendelivered.However,inCIPtheselleralsohastoprocureinsuranceagainstthebuyer'sriskoflossofordamagetothegoodsduringthecarriage.
Consequently,thesellercontractsforinsuranceandpaystheinsurancepremium.ThebuyershouldnotethatundertheCIPtermthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceonlyonminimumcoverage.Shouldthebuyerwishtohavetheprotectionofgreatercover,hewouldeitherneedtoagreeasmuchexpresslywiththesellerortomakehisownextrainsurancearrangements.
"Carrier"meansanypersonwho,inacontractofcarriage,undertakestoperformortoprocuretheperformanceoftransportationbyrail,road,air,sea,inlandwaterwayorbyacombinationofsuchmodes.
Ifsubsequentcarriersareusedforthecarriagetotheagreeddestination,theriskpasseswhenthegoodshavebeendeliveredtothefirstcarrier.TheCIPterm
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