写作笔记.docx
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写作笔记.docx
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写作笔记
写作训练方法
1-5篇不限时写作结构完整300字以上
6-10篇1小时350字以上结构完整
要求:
检查语法、拼写错误跑题、表达不清问题
11-20篇半小时400字以上
要求:
检查语法、拼写错误跑题、表达不清问题润饰文章
理由不能太具体否则不容易展开要擅于利用“万金由”
各个理由的关系,必须是并列关系,排列顺序由段落长短来决定。
开头1背景+论题+各方观点的理由+作者论点和理由
背景+论题+反方观点+(反方理由)+过渡+作者观点+作者理由
开头段写理由的好处
怎样写背景:
提出一种普遍的或值得关注的现象(紧扣论题)作为背景
从远到近,由大到小,谈论紧扣论题的社会观点作为背景
官方、权威数据,调查研究结果
开头2事例+论题+各方观点(和理由)+作者理由和论点
⑴媒体(电视、电台、报纸、杂志和网络)的报道
⑵朋友、邻居、同事的故事
开头3问题+论题+各方观点(和理由)+作者论点和理由
把背景用问题方式提出连续提问(煽情式提问)
开头4“引语”+论题+各方观点(和理由)+作者论点和理由
主题句
必须是陈述句必须表面观点不要直接写事实由观点到事实
态度必须坚决每段都要有主题句通常位于段首或段末
结尾
总结全文(论点+各方观点)+重述论点和理由+提出建议/解决问题/深化意义
把对方的优点移植到己方,把己方的观点消灭掉,提出实施方案和注意事项
深化意义=展望未来+对国家社会的好处
黄金规则一–Thelonger,thebetter
⑴每一个论点都要有理由
⑵每一个理由都要有例子
⑶每一个例子都要有细节
黄金规则二----------“万金由”
黄金规则三重述语意的技巧
⑴使用同义词进行替换
⑵使用同根词进行替换
Oppose-opposition
Build-building
Announce-announcement
Explain-explanation
⑶使用短语进行替换
(Support)arguefor/votefor/beinfavorof
(Oppose)argueagainst/voteagainst/objectto/beopposedto
⑷使用全新的表达法进行替换
Acompanyhasannouncedthatitwishestobuildalargefactorynearthecommunity.
----------alargefactoryissupposedtobuiltnearthecommunityaccordingtotheannouncementissuedbyacompany.
Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthisnewinfluenceonyourcommunity.
------Thereisagrowingawarenessofboththepositiveandnegativeinfluencesthattheconstructionplanbringstoourcommunity.
黄金规则四-黄金句型pricelesssentencepatterns
超酷超炫超难句型大比拼
注意:
主题句尽可能2-1格式细节提升
每个段落开头
1.强调句(1-2)
2.Themore…,themore(1-2)
Themorefrequentlywecommunicatewithfamilymembers,themoreharmonioustherelationshipinthefamilybetweenusis.(只要涉及交流都可以用)
3.倒装句(2-3)
①So…that….以至于
Sobigistheclassroomthatitmayholdtenthousandpeople.
Sofastdoesherunthatthetraincouldn’tcatchupwithhim.
②As…as(more…than…)比较结构
Irunasfastashedid-----Irunasfastasdidhe.
③表示地点、位置、范围、处所的状语或表语提前至句首
Mysisterisamongthosestudents.----Amongthosestudentsismysister.
④分词或形容词短语提前至句首
主语(+定语)+be+形容词/过去分词/不及物动词现在分词+介词+名词
主语(+定语)+be+及物动词现在分词+n.
E.g.Contraryto/coincidentwiththeopinionofmanypeopleismyheartfelt(忠心的)objectionto/agreementwiththeideathatstudentsshouldstudytogetherwithclassmates.
Thosepeople/parentswhoholdtheopinionthatmoneyistheonlysymbolofsuccessaresatisfiedwith/contentedwith/interestedin/worriedabout/opposedtotheirchildrenfindingahigh-payingandlong-workingjob.------------Satisfiedwith/contentedwith/interestedin/worriedabout/opposedtotheirchildrenfindingahigh-payingandlong-workingjobarethosepeople/parentswhoholdtheopinionthatmoneyistheonlysymbolofsuccess
Arguingforthosestudentslivingoutsidethecampusarethosepeoplewhoholdtheopinionthatindependenceisthemostcriticalcharacteristicofauniversitystudent
⑤形容词+though/as+主语+谓语+主句
Richthoughheis,heisunhappy.
Thoughtheadvantages(thatowningabusinessenjoys/leadsto/resultsin)areconsiderable/wonderful/numerous,theycannotcompetewiththebenefits(thatworkingforothersbringsabout/causes),when/ifresponsibilityistakenintoconsideration/deliberation/account.
Thoughtheadvantagesthatlivinginoutsidethecampusenjoysareconsiderable,theycannotcompetewiththebenefitsthatlivingininsidethecampusbringsabout,whensafetyistakenintoconsideration.(通常用在第一段的最后一句话提出文章论点和理由,2-1文章的承上启下部分或文章的结尾)----------------------------considerablethoughtheadvantagesthatlivinginoutsidethecampusenjoysare,theycannotcompetewiththebenefitsthatlivingininsidethecampusbringsabout,whensafetyistakenintoconsideration.
⑥表示否定的副词或短语+助动词+主语+谓语+其他成分
No/not/never/Neither/nor/(全部否定)
seldom/rarely/barely/scarcely/hardly(部分否定)
NeverwillIformanideathatbicyclesaffecthumanbeings’lifestylemostprofoundlyamongalltransportationmeans.
⑦Only+状语置于句首+助动词+主语+谓语+其他成分
OnlythoughthiscrisisdoIunderstandthatyoulovemebestintheworld.
3.比较结构和倍数关系(1-2)
As…as…
AisfivetimesasbigasB
AisfivetimesbiggerthanB
AisfivetimesthesizeofB.
4.修辞问句(1-2)
Whenhumanbeingsenjoytheirhappylife,isn’titnecessarythattheygivesomeconsiderationtothosecuteanimalswithoutenoughplayingground?
Whenthosepeopleenjoytheirhappylifeoutsidecampus,isn’titnecessarythattheygivesomeconsiderationtothegreatopportunitieswiththeirclassmatesiftheyliveinsidecampus?
Whenthosepeopleenjoyconveniencebroughtbyautomobiles,isn’titnecessarythattheygivesomeconsiderationtotheheavilypollutedairandthosepeoplewhoareinjuredseverely(had)inthecaraccidents?
Whenpeopleenjoytheconveniencebroughttheconstructionplan,isn’titnecessarythattheygivesomeconsiderationtotheheavilypollutedairandthosepeoplewhoareinjuredseverelyordieinthecaraccidentbecauseofthetrafficjamaftertheconstructionofthefactory?
5.并列结构(2-3)
Teachingmachinesaredevicesthatcanstoreinstructionalinformation,presentdisplays,receiveresponsefromalearner,andactonthoseresponses.
6.虚拟语气
1阐述各种假定的恶劣后果时,可以使用虚拟语气。
Ifwebuiltafactoryinourcommunity,therewouldbemuchpollution.
2表示建议时,可以使用虚拟语气。
Isuggesthe(should)gonow
③论及不太可能会实现或不可能会实现或不希望会实现的事情时,可以使用虚拟语气。
7.插入语(2-3次)
重要的插入语列举:
●indeed,surely,(however,nevertheless,nonetheless,admittedly,notwithstanding)转折,意思完全一样,obviously,besides,furthermore,briefly,similarly,
●honestly\frankly\generally(speaking),
naturally,luckily\fortunately,astonishingly,conversely,undeniably,undoubtedly
●strangetosay,needlesstosay,mostimportantofall,worseofall
●insum\short\summary,inotherwords,inasense,ingeneral,inmyview\opinion\judgment,
●inconsequence,inconclusion
●inthefirstplace,inaddition
●Onthecontrary,incontrast
●tomyjoy\delight\satisfaction\surprise\astonishment\amazement\regret\disappointment,
●ofcourse,
●forinstance\example,
●infact,asamatteroffact
●tobesure,tosumup,totellthetruth,tostartwith,
●Iamsure,Ibelieve\wonder\suppose,itseems,asIseeit,whatisimportant(serious),I’mafraid,itissaid
语言的雕琢
聪明的cleverbrilliantsmartintelligentwisegeniusbrighttalentedgiftedquick-wittedquick-mindedingenious
非常veryextremelyextraordinarilyhighlyunusuallyprettyconsiderablyremarkablyamazinglyastonishinglysurprisinglyimpressivelynoticeablenotably
著名的well-knownfamednotedcelebratedrenownedeminent
Enjoyanation-wide/world-widefame/name/recognition/
Celebrity/eminence/reputationbewidelyrecognizedacknowledged
关于regardingconcerninginvolvingasregardsrelatingtowithrespecttowithregardtowithreferencetowithrelationto
E.g.:
Concerningthisissue,asfarasIamconcerned,
Ithinkyouareveryfamousandclever
Frommypointofview,youareextraordinarilywell-knownandintelligent.
文章中禁止使用的项目
About,get,famous,clever,very,lovely,good,bad,big,many,important
在每个名词前,试图加上一个形容词;在每个形容词前,试图加上一个副词
词汇选择的标准
Understandable
Acceptable
Correcte.g.aslim/ampleopportunitytakecareofyourself
Playwright(剧作家)
Gain/obtain/accumulate/acquireknowledge(获得知识)
Appropriate
Exact
Idiomatic(合乎语言习惯的)
Interesting
段落的实现
⑴例证法每个理由后面必须同时有例子每篇文章至少两个例子
提出论点-列举事例-分析事例-得出结论-(重述论点)我认为-因为我觉得-比如说-你看
举例之后一定要强调这样的例子不胜枚举。
。
。
AbrahamLincoln
⑵因果法提出论点-原因-分析条件(如果这样会有什么好处/坏处,而这正是我们所需要/担心的)-得出结果
Leadto/resultin
resultfrom
Becauseof/dueto/thanksto/owingto/byreasonof/onaccountof
For表示“因为”时不能放在句首
Because/for/since/as
Asaresult/outcome/consequenceof
Inconsequence/intheend/consequently
Therefore/thereby/hence/thus(副词)
So(连词)
⑶比较对照法(整体、分项比较)
整体比较的好处:
写起来容易整体印象完整缺点:
两者对比不鲜明
分项比较的好处:
两者对比特别鲜明缺点:
零碎的印象,大量的重复
Interweave交织
⑷分类法/并列法
总论点
分论点一在A方面在B方面在C方面
分论点二
分论点三
⑸定义法
衔接手段
使用连接词和短语(表示并列、转折、递进、因果、比较、对照、举例)
使用代词
使用语意粘连
举例:
同意建工厂
常用词汇和结构
表示第一项
Firstly,tobegin/startwith,firstofall,inthefirstplace,ontheonehand,themostimportantreasonis,firstandforemost
另一项secondly,inthesecondplace,ontheotherhand,besides,furthermore,additionally,inaddition,moreover,equallyimportantis,also,too,another
最后一项lastbutnottheleast,mostimportantofall,finally,thirdly,anotherpoint/reason
题型分类:
⑴观点选择给出两个对立观点或者一个观点的对立两个方面,要求支持其中一个观点或者观点的一个方面。
Doyouagreeordisagreewiththestatements:
parentsarethebestteachers带有绝对性的题目,驳论更好写
⑵比较对比类给出两个对立观点或者一个观点的对立两个方面,要求进行比较论述,并给出个人观点
Ithasbeensaid,”Noteverythingthatislearnediscontainedinbooks”compareandcontrastknowledgegainedfromexperiencewithknowledgegainedfrombooks.Inyouropinion,whichsourceismoreimportant?
Why?
⑶自定义类考试频率最低、难度最大
Youhavetheopportunitytovisitaforeigncountryfortwoweeks.Whichcountrywouldyouliketovisit?
Usespecificreasonsanddetailstoexplainyourchoice.
给出一个范围或论题要求自己确定观点并论述、正面反面都可以写
如何审题:
确定题目的类别(题材/题型)
确定切入点,寻找绝对词汇(never/conly/anything/best)和其他带有限制性含义的词语(形容词、介词短语)
列提纲时间短于两分钟
简短提纲=观点+理由+闪现的句子和名言
主体框架
1+1支持面+理由两点论述
2+1(两种)A型支持面优点的充分论述+反对面的缺点一到两点的简略改进(自由选室友or学校决定)
B型支持面的理由两点充分论述+支持面的另一个理由简略论述
2-1(两种)-重点推荐
A.支持面优点两点充分论述+反对面优点一到两点的简略改进
B.讨论点的优点两点充分论述+讨论点的缺点一到两点论述
折中方案
各种题型的框架
观点选择类:
1+1、2+1、2-1、折中方案
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