份托福阅读真题及答案.docx
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份托福阅读真题及答案.docx
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份托福阅读真题及答案
Question11-21:
Printmakingisthegenerictermforanumberofprocesses,ofwhichwoodcutandengravingaretwoprimeexamples.Printsaremadebypressingasheetofpaper(orothermaterial)againstanimage-bearingsurfacetowhichinkhasbeenapplied.Whenthepaperisremoved,theimageadherestoit,butinreverse.
ThewoodcuthadbeenusedinChinafromthefifthcenturyA.D.forapplyingpatternstotextiles.TheprocesswasnotintroducedintoEuropeuntilthefourteenthcentury,firstfortextiledecorationandthenforprintingonpaper.Woodcutsarecreatedbyareliefprocess;first,theartisttakesablockofwood,whichhasbeensawedparalleltothegrain,coversitwithawhiteground,andthendrawstheimageinink.Thebackgroundiscarvedaway,leavingthedesignareaslightlyraised.Thewoodblockisinked,andtheinkadherestotheraisedimage.Itisthentransferredtodamppapereitherbyhandorwithaprintingpress.
Engraving,whichgrewoutofthegoldsmith'sart,originatedinGermanyandnorthernItalyinthemiddleofthefifteenthcentury.Itisanintaglioprocess(fromItalianintagliare,"tocarve").Theimageisincisedintoahighlypolishedmetalplate,usuallycopper,withacuttinginstrument,orburin.Theartistinkstheplateandwipesitcleansothatsomeinkremainsintheincisedgrooves.Animpressionismadeondamppaperinaprintingpress,withsufficientpressurebeingappliedsothatthepaperpicksuptheink.
Bothwoodcutandengravinghavedistinctivecharacteristics.Engravinglendsitselftosubtlemodelingandshadingthroughtheuseoffinelines.Hatchingandcross-hatchingdeterminethedegreeoflightandshadeinaprint.Woodcutstendtobemorelinear,withsharpercontrastsbetweenlightanddark.Printmakingiswellsuitedtotheproductionofmultipleimages.Asetofmultiplesiscalledanedition.Bothmethodscanyieldseveralhundredgood-qualityprintsbeforetheoriginalblockorplatebeginstoshowsignsofwear.Massproductionofprintsinthesixteenthcenturymadeimagesavailable,atalowercost,toamuchbroaderpublicthanbefore.
11.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
A.Theoriginsoftextiledecoration
B.Thecharacteristicsofgood-qualityprints
C.Twotypesofprintmaking
D.Typesofpaperusedinprintmaking
12.Theword"prime"inline2isclosestinmeaningto
A.principal
B.complex
C.general
D.recent
13.Theauthor'spurposesinparagraph2istodescribe
A.thewoodcutsfoundinChinainthefifthcentury
B.theuseofwoodcutsinthetextileindustry
C.theprocessinvolvedincreatingawoodcut
D.theintroductionofwoodcutstoEurope
14.Theword"incised"inline15isclosestinmeaningto
A.burned
B.cut
C.framed
D.baked
15.Whichofthefollowingtermsisdefinedinthepassage/
A."patterns"(line5)
B."grain"(line8)
C."burin"(line16)
D."grooves"(line17)
16.Theword"distinctive"inline19isclosestinmeaningto
A.unique
B.accurate
C.irregular
D.similar
17.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueaboutengravingEXCEPTthatit
A.developedfromtheartofthegoldsmiths
B.requiresthatthepaperbecutwithaburin
C.originatedinthefifteenthcentury
D.involvescarvingintoametalplate
18.Theword"yield"inline23isclosestinmeaningto
A.imitate
B.produce
C.revise
D.contrast
19.Accordingtothepassage,whatdowoodcutandengravinghaveincommon?
A.Theirdesignsareslightlyraised.
B.Theyachievecontrastthroughhatchingandcross-hatching.
C.TheywerefirstusedinEurope.
D.Theyallowmultiplecopiestobeproducedfromoneoriginal.
20.Accordingtotheauthor,whatmadeitpossibleformembersofthegeneralpublictoownprintsinthesixteenthcentury?
A.Printscouldbemadeatlowcost.
B.Thequalityofpaperandinkhadimproved.
C.Manypeoplebecameinvolvedintheprintmakingindustry.
D.Decreaseddemandforprintskeptpricesaffordable.
21.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueaboutprintsEXCEPTthatthey
A.canbereproducedonmaterialsotherthanpaper
B.arecreatedfromareversedimage
C.showvariationsbetweenlightanddarkshades
D.requireaprintingpress
Questions22-31:
ThefirstpeoplestoinhabitwhattodayisthesoutheasternUnitedStatessustainedthemselvesashuntersandgathers.SometimesearlyinthefirstmillenniumA.D.,however,theybegantocultivatecornandothercrops.Gradually,astheybecamemoreskilledatgardening,theysettledintopermanentvillagesanddevelopedarichculture,characterizedbythegreatearthenmoundstheyerectedasmonumentstotheirgodsandastombsfortheirdistinguisheddead.MostoftheseearlymoundbuilderswerepartoftheAdena-Hopewellculture,whichhaditsbeginningsneartheOhioRiverandtakesitsnamefromsitesinOhio.Theculturespreadsouthwardintothepresent-daystatesofLouisiana,Alabama,Georgia,andFlorida.Itspeoplesbecamegreattraders,barteringjewellery,pottery,animalpelts,tools,andothergoodsalongextensivetradingnetworksthatstretchedupanddowneasternNorthAmericaandasfarwestastheRockyMountains.
AboutA.D.400,theHopewellculturefellintodecay.Overthenextcenturies,itwassupplantedbyanotherculture,theMississippian,namedaftertheriveralongwhichmanyofitsearliestvillageswerelocated.ThiscomplexcivilizationdominatedtheSoutheastfromaboutA.D.700untilshortlybeforetheEuropeansbeganarrivinginthesixteenthcentury.Atthepeakofitsstrength,abouttheyear1200,itwasthemostadvancedcultureinNorthAmerica.LiketheirHopewellpredecessors,theMississippiansbecamehighlyskilledatgrowingfood,althoughonagranderscale.Theydevelopedanimprovedstrainofcorn,whichcouldsurviveinwetsoilandarelativelycoolclimate,andalsolearnedtocultivatebeans.Indeed,agriculturebecamesoimportanttotheMississippiansthatitbecamecloselyassociatedwiththeSun---theguarantorofgoodcrops.Manytribescalledthemselves"childrenoftheSun"andbelievedtheiromnipotentpriest-chiefsweredescendantsofthegreatsungod.
AlthoughmostMississippianslivedinsmallvillages,manyothersinhabitedlargetowns.Mostofthesetownsboastedatleastonemajorflat-toppedmoundonwhichstoodatemplethatcontainedasacredflame.Onlypriestsandthosechargedwithguardingtheflamecouldenterthetemples.Themoundsalsoservedasceremonialandtradingsites,andattimestheywereusedasburialgrounds.
22.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?
A.Thedevelopmentofagriculture
B.Thelocationsoftownsandvillages
C.TheearlypeopleandculturesoftheUnitedStates
D.Theconstructionofburialmounds
23.WhichofthefollowingresultedfromtheriseofagricultureinthesoutheasternUnitedStates?
A.ThedevelopmentoftradeinNorthAmerica
B.Theestablishmentofpermanentsettlements
C.ConflictswithotherNativeAmericangroupsoverland
D.AmigrationofthesepeoplestotheRockyMountains.
24.Whatdoestheterm"Adena-Hopewell"(line7)designate?
A.TheearlylocationsoftheAdena-Hopewellculture
B.ThetwomostimportantnationsoftheAdena-Hopewellculture
C.Twoformerleaderswhowerehonoredwithlargeburialmounds.
D.TwoimportanttraderoutesineasternNorthAmerica
25.Theword"bartering"inline9isclosestinmeaningto
A.producing
B.exchanging
C.transporting
D.loading
26.Theword"supplanted"inline13isclosestinmeaningto
A.conquered
B.preceded
C.replaced
D.imitated
27.Accordingtothepassage,whendidtheMississippianculturereachitshighestpointofdevelopment?
A.AboutA.D.400
B.BetweenA.D.400ANDA.D.700
C.AboutA.D.1200
D.Inthesixteenthcentury
28.Accordingtothepassage,howdidtheagricultureoftheMississippiansdifferfromthatoftheirHopewellpredecessors?
A.TheMississippiansproducedmoredurableandlargercropsoffood.
B.TheMississippianssoldtheirfoodtoothergroups.
C.TheMississippianscouldonlygrowplantsinwarm,dryclimates.
D.TheMississippiansproducedspecialfoodsfortheirreligiousleaders.
29.WhydoestheauthormentionthatmanyMississippianstribescalledthemselves"childrenoftheSun"(line22)?
A.Toexplainwhytheywereobedienttotheirpriest-chiefs.
B.Toargueabouttheimportanceofreligionintheirculture.
C.Toillustratethegreatimportancetheyplacedonagriculture.
D.Toprovideanexampleoftheirreligiousrituals.
30.Thephrase"chargedwith"inline26isclosestinmeaningto
A.passedon
B.experiencedat
C.interestedin
D.assignedto
31.Accordingtothepassage,theflat-toppedmoundsinMississippiantownswereusedforallofthefollowingpurposesEXCEPT
A.religiousceremonies
B.meetingplacesfortheentirecommunity
C.sitesforcommerce
D.burialsites
Question32-40:
OverlandtransportintheUnitedStateswasstillextremelyprimitivein1790.Roadswerefewandshort,usuallyextendingfrominlandcommunitiestothenearestrivertownorseaport.Nearlyallinterstatecommercewascarriedoutbysailingshipsthatservedthebaysandharborsoftheseaboard.Yet,in1790thenationwasonthethresholdofaneweraofroaddevelopment.Unabletofinanceroadconstruction,statesturnedforhelptoprivatecompanies,organizedbymerchantsandlandspeculatorswhohadapersonalinterestinimprovedcommunicationswiththeinterior.ThepioneerinthismovewasthestateofPennsylvania,whichcharteredacompanyin1792toconstructaturnpike,aroadfortheuseofwhichatoll,orpayment,iscollected,fromPhiladelphiatoLancaster.Thelegislaturegavethecompanytheauthoritytoerecttollgatesatpointsalongtheroadwh
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