Analysis on Language Features of Radiotelephony English.docx
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Analysis on Language Features of Radiotelephony English.docx
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AnalysisonLanguageFeaturesofRadiotelephonyEnglish
AnalysisonLanguageFeaturesofRadiotelephonyEnglish
1.Introduction
Englishisnotonlythemostpopularlanguageinthewholeworldbutalsowidelyusedintheaviationindustry,especiallyininternationalaviationservice.ButthestatisticsfromInternationalCivilAviationOrganization(ICAO)showthatseventy-fivepercentaviationaccidentsinthewholeworldarecausedbytheunclearradiotelephonycommunication,whilethebookAir/GroundCommunicationandFlightSafetypointsoutthatthedifferencesbetweenEnglish-speakingcountriesandnon-English-speakingonesmakeitunabletouseEnglishclearlyandcorrectly.SoICAOhaspromulgatedaseriesofstandardsandregulationsinordertoimprovetheaviationservice,thereforetheymadeaplanattheendof2008thatthepilotsandthecopilotswhoareengagedintheinternationalcoursemusthavecorrespondingabilitytouseEnglishwhendoingRadiotelephonycommunication.China,asamemberoftheICAO,hasalsorealizedtheimportanceofusingEnglishinaviationservice.ChinaCivilAviationRegulations(CCAR)haspromulgatedthatbytheendofMay5th,2008,therateofEnglishradiotelephonycommunicationbetweenthepilotsandthecontrollersinBeijingairportmustreachthirtypercent,whichisthelowestpercentagetheyplaned,andbeforetheday,May5th,2010,allthepilotsandthecontrollerswhoareinBeijingairportmustuseEnglishwhendoingradiotelephonycommunication.
2.AviationEnglishandRadiophoneyEnglish
Foralongtime,aviationEnglishhasalwaysbeentreatedasakindofprofessionalterminology,andpeoplearbitrarilythinkthattheAviationEnglishonlyhasafewincommonwiththeRadiotelephonyEnglishterms,andthataviationEnglishisjustafewflighttechnicalterms,suchastake-off,climbing,descending,landing,over,out,etc.ButthebookPlacementofAviationEnglishwithESPtheorypointsoutthat“theaviationEnglishisakindofEnglishforspecificpurposes,whichisabranchofthegeneralEnglish.AviationEnglishincludesvariouskindsoflanguageandtechnicaltermsforaviation,suchasthebriefdictionbeforethetake-off;thebroadcastintheairportloungeandcabin,theradiophoneyEnglish,theglossaryformachinists,thestandardssentencesforthestewards,thevocabularyforthegroundservice,etc”.AviationEnglishisabranchofEnglishbeingwidelyconnectedwiththeaviationindustry.ThekerneloftheaviationEnglishistheRadiotelephonyEnglish,becausetheradiophoneyEnglishrestrictsthedialoguesbetweenthepilotsandthecontrollers,whichplaysaveryimportantroleinaviationsafety.Atthesametime,onlytheradiophoneyEnglishhasbeenprescribedintermsandsentencesbyICAO.
3.TheWord-buildinginAviationEnglish
TheacademiaconsiderstheaviationEnglishasakindofEnglishforspecificpurposes.Astothelexicology,mostofthevocabularyofaviationEnglishcomesfromgeneralEnglish.ItisbecausethatsincetheIndustrialRevolution,dependingontheadvanceofscienceandtechnology,BritainandAmericahasbeenoccupyingaveryimportantpositionintheworld.ItisalsoduetothefactthatWrightBrothersmadethefirstflightinhistoryin1903.BothofthosecountriesusetheEnglishastheirnativelanguage.Therefore,manyaviationvocabulariescomefromEnglish.
It’sveryprofessionalfortheradiophoneycommunication,whichrequiresusingthewordscorrectlytoavoidmisunderstanding.Therefore,radiophoneyEnglishhastwofeaturesinvocabulary.First,alotofaviationtermsareused,suchasheading,vector,loealizer,approach,inboundtrack,etc.Second,inordertoexpressthemeaningdirectlyandcorrectly,manyofthewordsbeingusedwereborrowedfromFrench,Latinandothercountries,suchasterminate(stop),acknowledge(agree),confirm(admit),descend(godown)etc.Besides,sincetheaircraftisusuallyatahighspeed,usingsimplewordscannotonlymakethedialoguesimpleandclear,butalsostrengthentheradiophoneysignal.Thus,theradiophoneyEnglishcontainsalotofaviationabbreviations,whichisgoingtobediscussedinthefollowingpart..
3.1Abbreviation
TheNewtimeEnglish-EnglishEnglish-ChineseDictionarydefinesabbreviationas“theshortenedorcontractedformofawordorphrase,includingtheinitialismandtheacronym”.Generallyspeaking,theabbreviationsandphrasesofaviationEnglishincludethenamesoforganizations,systems,equipmentsandsoon.Generallyspeaking,theinitialletterofawordisused.TherearetwokindsofabbreviationsinaviationEnglishaswell,initialismandacronyms.Initialismisanacronymformedfrominitialletters,whicharereadbytheorderoftheletters;acronymiswordformedfromthefirstletterorgroupoflettersofthewordsinasetphrase,whichcanbereadasanewword.
Abbreviations
FullName
CAB*
CivilAeronauticsBoard
ICAO*
InternationalCivilAviationOrganization
IATA*
InternationalAirTransportAssociation
GPS
GlobalPositionSystem
CCAR
ChinaCivilAviationRegulations
AEEC
AirlinesElectronicEngineeringCommittee
Note:
“*”means“acronym”.
3.2Portmanteau
PortmanteauisanEnglishacronym,whichisabbreviatedformofawordorphrasetorepresentacompleteform,butitisdifferentfromtheformoftheacronymthatcanbereadasanewword.Thiskindofabbreviationshasfiveformsingrammarasfollows.
“Prefix+prefix”,forexample:
COMINTmeanscommunicationsintelligence,C/Mmeanscontrolandmonitoring.“Prefix+termination”,Lidarmeanslightradar;Avigatormeansaviationnavigator;Heliportmeanshelicopterairport.“Prefix+word”,Hijackmeanshighjack;Helipadmeanshelicopterpad;Parabrakemeansparachutebrake.“Word+Prefix”,Landsatmeanslandsatellite.“Word+termination”,Traveloguemeanstravelcatalogue;Flaperonmeansflapaileron;Lunamantmeanslunaraileron.
3.3Clipping
Clippingisaword-formationprocesswhichclipsanddeletesoneormoresyllablesfromaword(usuallyanoun)anddoesnotchangethemeaningoftheoriginalword.Clippinghasfourformsasfollows:
1)Backclipping,whichmeanscuttingtherearofawordtoformasimplifiedword,suchasMemomeaningmemorandum,Knmeaningknotnauticalmile,Labmeaninglaboratory.2)Frontclipping,thismeanscuttingthefrontpartofawordtoformasimplifiedword,suchasBinmeaningdustbin,Phonemeaningtelephone,Coptermeaninghelicopter.3)Front-and-backclipping,thismeanscuttingthefront,andtherearofawordtoformasimplifiedword,suchasFlumeaninginfluenza,FridgemeaningRefrigerator.4)Alteredspellingsclipping,thismeanstheabbreviatedspellingoftheoriginalword.Itisashortformoftheoriginalword,partofwhichisusuallycuttoformanewword,suchasRwymeaningrunway;Taximeaningtaxicab;Mikemeaningmicrophone.
3.4Compounding
Compoundingis“awordcomposedoftwoormoreelements,themselvesusuallywords.”ThestructuresofCompoundingareasfollows:
noun+noun:
seatbelt,gateway;adjective+noun:
blueprint,deadline;verb+noun:
runway,flashlight;gerund+noun:
boarding-card/pass,briefing-room;prep.+n.:
over-night,in-flight;noun+verb:
daybreak,water-proof;verb+adverb:
check-in,climb-out;adverb+verb:
overshoot,undershoot;String-compoundsconnectedbyaprepositionoraconjunction:
pilot-in-compound,amother-and–childwaitingroom;compoundsconnectedby“s”:
spokesman,sportsman.
3.5Derivation
Derivationis“awordthathasbeendevelopedorproducedfromanotherword”.Thederivationshavetwoforms.Thefirstistoputaprefixtoaword,suchas,autopilot,tomogram.Thesecondistoputasuffixtoaword,forexample,radarscope.
3.6Loanword
Loanwordis“awordadoptedfromaforeignlanguagewithlittleornomodification”.InaviationEnglish,themainoriginsoftheloanwordsareFrenchandLatin.Inhistory,Frenchwaswidelyusedintheswelldom,andLatinwaswidelyusedincollegesandtemples.Sobothofthemwerenotpopularlanguagesindailycommunication.FrenchorLatinisacceptedbypeopleinsobrietyandurbanity.InaviationEnglish,FrenchorLatinwordsareusedtoexpressmeaningwhichisunabletoexplainorpronounceclearlyinEnglish,suchastheFrenchword“descend”whichmeans“godown”;theLatinword“terminate”whichmeans“stop”.Anextremeinstanceistouse“affirmative”toreplace“YES”,andtouse“negative”toreplace“NO”.
Understandingtheword-buildingofaviationEnglishcannotonlyhelpustocomprehendthemeaningoftheaviationterminology,butalsoredoundtomemorizetheterms.Byananalysisoftheaviationstructureofitsvocabulary,itcanbefoundthatinaviationEnglishtherearealotofwordscontactingmoreprofoundlywithaffixorstructure,andwecanfindoutthesimilaritiesfromtheword-buildingofwordsandworkuptodrawinferencefromoneexample.Thusifthereisanewword,wecancomprehenditfromword-buildingeasily.
4.LanguageFeaturesofRadiophoneyEnglish
4.1TheSpeech
TheradiophoneycommunicationisbasedonthegeneralEnglish,HuangDexianholdsthatthelanguagefeaturesinradiophoneyEnglishare“thestandardizationofthelanguage,theformalizationofthelanguage,thesemanticuniqueness,andthecompactcontentofthedialogs”.AndHeJunhongconsidersthelanguagefeaturesinradiophoneyEnglishas“thesemanticprecision,theconcisionsofstructure,thedistinctnessofphonology”.AndWuTuxingconsidersthelanguagefeaturesofradiophoneyEnglishas“thepuredistinctnessofthepronunciation,theuniquemeaningofthetermsandtheimperativeofthesentencestructure”.
BecausetherearealotoftermsinaviationEnglish,andtheradiophoneyEnglishisjustrelatedtothe
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