语法讲修改稿.docx
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语法讲修改稿.docx
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语法讲修改稿
语法难点与考点
时间15分钟共30题,语法和词汇各占50%,共15分。
一.冠词
冠词有两个形式:
不定冠词a(n)和定冠词the。
不定冠词的用法可分为两大类:
一类是类别用法,另一类是“指量用法”。
例如:
Thereareadozeneggsinthebasket.
KateandIarenearlyofanage.
定冠词的用法包括特指用法,概括用法以及与形容词.副词比较等级连用。
例如:
The的几个基本用法
1)特指某(些)人(或)物
Ifyougetintodifficulties,Monicaisthepersontoask.
ThisisthehousewhereLuXunoncelived.
2)指说话人与听话人彼此所熟悉的人或事物
Themanagerisinhisoffice.
3)复述上文提过的人或事物
LastweekIreadastoryandaplay.ThestoryisabouttheSecondWorldWarandtheplayaboutthelifeofuniversitystudents.
4)表示世界上独一无二的事物
Thesun,themoon,theearth,thesky,theworld
5)定冠词the用于单数可数名词前,表示某一类人或事物
TheChinesestudentofEnglishisapttomakesuchmistakes.
ThefavoritefastfoodintheU.S.isthehamburger.
6)在序数词、形容词最高级和表示方位的名词前
Januaryisthefirstmonthoftheyear.
7)抽象名词和物质名词表示一般概念时,前面通常不用冠词,但特指时,需用定冠词
Waristhecontinuationofpolitics.
OurbattalionfoughtnorthandsouthduringtheAnti-JapaneseWar.
每年的英语专业四级测试中几乎都会涉及到限定词.例如:
Theideaoftravelingthrough____spacetootherplanetsinterestsmanypeopletoday.(1995。
54)
A.aB.theC/D.one
二代词
代词可分为人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词、疑问代词、关系代词、不定代词。
重点:
such以及关系代词。
1.such
such可以用作主语.表语.宾语和补语,例如:
Suchislife.
Theburglarwasarrested,andwassentencedassuch.
Hissuggestionissuchasmaybecalledsensibleandpractical.
such的意义一般要由that或as引导的分句来表示:
1)suchthat+分句
1.Hiskindnesswassuchthatwewillneverforgethim.
2)suchas+to不定式
2.Thesituationissuchastodemandyourimmediateattention.
真题3..Thebrillianceofhissatireswas_____makeevenhisvictimslaugh.(1996.51)
A.soastoB.suchastoC.sothatD.suchthat
真题4.Hisstrongsenseofhumourwas_______makeeveryoneintheroomburstoutlaughing.(1998.50)
A。
soastoB.suchastoC.sothatD.suchthat
真题5.Thattrumpetplayerwascertainlyloud.ButIwasn'tbotheredbyhisloudness___byhislackoftalent.
A.somuchasB.ratherthanC.asD.than(2004-41)
“not…somuchas”(与其说是,倒不如说是)。
3)suchas+分句
6.Thecaseisnotsuchascanbeeasilysettled.
2关系代词(that,who,whom,whose,which,as,but,than,where)
关系代词引导的定语从句分为限制性和非限制性定语从句,它们的主要区别是:
限制性定语从句是名词或名词短语不可缺少的一个组成部分,去掉了会造成病句或意义不明确,而非限制性定语从句指对先行词的意义起补充说明的作用,因而不是关键性的。
如果省略了它,原句意义仍然是完整的。
例如:
Iwanttobuythehousewhichhasagarden.(限制性)
Iwanttobuyahouse,whichhasagarden.(非限制性)
非限制性定语从句与先行词之间一般要用逗号隔开,在口语中要略加停顿。
1)which
which用来指物,不可指人。
可以引导限制性和非限制性定语从句。
注意:
that不可引导非限制性定语从句.;
which的先行词有时可以是一个句子、而不是一个词。
例如:
ShemarriedJoe,which(=andthis/that)surprisedeveryone.
Heisfondofmusic,which(=andthis/that)I'mgladtohear
真题Thephysicisthasmadeadiscovery,___ofgreatimportancetotheprogressofscienceandtechnology.A.IthinkwhichisB.thatIthinkisC,whichIthinkisDwhichIthinkitis
IhaveneverbeentoLondon,butthatisthecity____
A.whereIliketovisitmostB.I’dmostliketovisit
C.whichIliketovisitmostlyD.whereI’dlikemosttovisit
We'vejustinstalledtwoair-conditionersinourapartment,___shouldmakegreatdifferencesinourlifenextsummer.
A.whichB.whatC.thatD.They
2)that,who,whom,whose
that可用于指人或物,但只用于限制性定语从句。
先行词是不定代词时(all,much,few,little,some,any,none,anything,something,nothing,everything),关系代词不能用which,只能用that,当that句中作宾语时可省略。
先行词被形容词最高级或first,last,only,very,no等修饰时,用that,不用which/who/whom.
e.g.Nosample(that)wehavereceivedissatisfactory.
Thisistheverybook(that)youarelookingfor.
有两个或两个以上先行词兼指人或物时,关系代词用that
Avictimisaperson,animal,orthingthatsufferspain,death,destruction,etc.
真题Firmsthatusecomputershavefoundthatthenumberofstaff____isneededforqualitycontrolcanbesubstantiallyreduced.
AwhoseBasCwhatDthat
Who,whom用于指人,前者作主语,后者作宾语。
当先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody,关系代词多用whom或who,不用that.
TellmesomethingaboutthemanforwhomIshallbeworking,
IsthereanyoneherewhocanspeakEnglish?
Whose+名词可引导定语从句,在句中做主语或宾语,whose既可指人,又可指物
Peoplewhosedogshitotherpeopleshouldkeepthemtiedup.
3)Where/when
Where引导定语从句,相当于介词in,at+which
When引导定语从句,相当于介词on,during+which
Thisistheuniversitywherehestudied20yearsago.
Doyoustillrememberthedaywhenhearrived?
注意:
1)先行词表示“情况”的名词时,(如case,conditions,situation,instance),定语从句用where引导。
Therearesomecaseswherethisruledoesnotholdgood.
Therearemanyinstanceswhereheiscool-headed.
2)how不能引导定语从句。
Thisisthewayhowhebehaves.×
Thisisthewayhebehaves.
Thisishowhebehaves.
真题
Thiscompanyhasnowintroducedapolicy___payrisesarerelatedtoperformanceatwork,(1996.44)
A.whichB.whereC.whetherD.what
Haveyoueverbeeninasituation__youknowtheotherpersonisrightyetyoucannotagreewithhim?
A.bywhichBthatC.inwhereD.where(2002.44)
4)as
as在限制性定语从句中,既可指人,又可指物,可与thesame,such,so,as连用。
YouarestillthesamepersonasIknewtenyearsago.
Suchbuildingsasyouseeinthedistrictarerarenow.
Wewitnessedsoexcitingasightaswehadneverdreamedof.
Asmanypeopleasarepresenthavevotedforthecandidate.
as在非限制性定语从句中既可充当主语也可充当宾语,无论作主语或宾语都可代表它的先行词或句子。
如:
Thetwocountriesweresatisfiedwiththissolution,aswasagreedbeforehand.
Juliawassad,ascouldbejudgedfromhertearfuleyes.
Theworld,asweknow,ismadeupofsmallparticlescalledatoms.
真题Mr.Smithisateacher,____isclearfromhismanner.
A.asitB.asC.thatDit
真题Things,____isoftenthecase,willturnouttobecontrarytoone'swishes.
A.asB.whichC.thatD.it
As,which在引导非限制性定语从句的区别
1)as引导的从句位置灵活,可位于主句前面、中间、或后面,which的从句只能放在主句之后。
2)as既可指前面提到的情况,也可指后面将要提到的情况,which只能指前面提到的情况。
3)习惯用法中,多用as
aswe/youknow;asoftenhappens;asmaybeimagined;asiswellknown;asisoftenthecase;asisusualwithsb.;asisthecustomwith;asisnatural;asisreported;asisshownin;asishoped;asissupposed;asisanticipated;ashasbeensaidbefore;ashasbeenpointedbefore
4)被动语态中的be动词,as的从句可省,which不可
Footballandbasketball,as(不用which)playedintheU.S.today,arebasicallymodificationsofgamesthatoriginatedinEngland.
5)But
作为关系代词引导定语从句时.其意义相当于thatnot/whonot。
它的主句往往带有not或no.
Thereisnooneofusbutwishestogo.我们人人都想去。
Hehasmanypen-friends.Noweekpasses_____hereceivesseveralletters
A.thatB.whichC.thanD.but
6)Than
than作关系代词时,一般用在形式为比较级的复合句中,其结构为“形容词比较级+than+从句”。
Than在从句中作主语,相当于thanwhat
Theindoorswimmingpoolseemstobeagreatmoreluxuriousthan____.
A.isnecessaryB.beingnecessary
C.tobenecessaryD.itisnecessary
Thereoughttobelessanxietyovertheperceivedriskofmountainclimbingthan____inthepublicmindtoday.
A.existsB.existC.existingD.toexist
Theexperimentrequiresmoremoneythan______.
A.havebeenputinB.beingputin
C.hasbeenputinD.tobeputin
7)介词+which/whom/who/whose引导定语从句的用法。
某些介词可置于关系代词which,whom/who,whose之前,因为这些代词在从句中作介词宾语,也可置于句尾
Isentinvitationstoeightypeople,_____havereplied.
A.ofwhomonlytwentyofthese
B.ofwhomonlytwenty
C.onlytwentyofthesewho
D.onlytwentywho
Thisistherefrigerator____wehavehadsomuchtrouble.
A.atwhichB.ofwhich
C.towhichD.withwhich
Sheisapleasantgirlwithwhomtowork.
Hehasaknifewithwhichtodefendhimself.
Thecommitteeconsistsof20members,5ofwhomarewomen.
真题
Heisquitewornoutfromyearsofhardwork.Heisnottheman____hewastwentyyearsago.
AwhichBthatCwhoDwhom
Onlytakesuchclothes____reallynecessary.
AaswereBastheyareCastheywereDasare
___isoftenthecasewithanewidea,muchpreliminaryactivityandoptimisticdiscussionproducednoconcreteproposals.
AthatBitCthisDas
Theyfulfillthetaskin___ittookus.
Athree-fourthstimeBthree-fourthstimes
Cthree-fourthsthetimeDthethree-fourthstime
Abovethetreesarethehills,___magnificencetheriverfaithfullyreflectsonthesurface.
AwhereBofthoseCwhoseDwhich
三动词
1.动词的时态
英语一共有16个时态:
一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,一般过去将来时,现在进行时,过去进行时,将来进行时,过去将来进行时,现在完成时,过去完成时,将来完成时,过去将来完成时,现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时,过去将来完成进行时,不同时间发生的动作,要用不同形式的动词来表示.下面列举一些例句或真题来说明各种时态的用法:
HowcanIeverconcentrateifyou_____continually___mewithsillyquestions?
A,have...,interruptedB.had...interrupted
C.are...interruptingD.were...interrupting
Mr.Whiteworkswithachemicalsimport&exportcompany,buthe_____fortheindustrialfair,sinceheisonleave.
A.hasworkedB.works
C.hasbeenworkingD.isworking
Forsometimenow,worldleaders____outthenecessityforagreementonarmsreduction.
A.hadbeenpointingB.havebeenpointing
C.werepointingD.pointed
Jack____fromhomefortwodaysnow,andIambeginningtoworryabouthissafety.
AhasbeenmissingBhasbeenmissed
ChadbeenmissingDwasmissed
_____consciousofmymoralobligationsasacitizen.
AIwasandalwayswillbe
BIhavetobeandalwayswillbe
CIhadbeenandalwayswillbe
DIhavebeenandalwayswillbe
Comeandseemewhenever____
Ayouareconvenient
Byouwillbeconvenient
Citisconvenienttoyou
Ditwillbeconvenienttoyou
2.动词的语态
英语动词有两种语态:
主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态用于主动句中.表示主语是动作的执行者:
被动语态用于被动句中.表示主语是动作的承受者。
Tohisastonishment,hesawaropeladder____outandthreemenclimbingdownit.
AthrowingB.beingthrown
C.havingthrowD.havingbeenthrown
Iwastohavemadeaspeechif____
A.Iwasnotcalledaway
B.nobodywouldhavecalledmeaway
C.Ihadnotbeencalledaway
D.nobodycalledmeaway
四、虚拟语气
虚拟语气表示与事实相反的一种假设或一种愿望.怀疑.建议.猜测.可能或纯粹的空想。
1.虚拟语气在条件从句中的应用:
最基本的虚拟条件句分为两种,表达“对现在事实或将来情况的假设,和与现在事实相反或过去事实相反。
条件从句通常用if来引导,构成形式如下
if…十动词过去式,would+动词原形
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