英语四级真题及答案.docx
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英语四级真题及答案.docx
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英语四级真题及答案
2012年12月英语四级真题及答案
PassageOne
Questions11to15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Thepredictabilityofourmortalityratesissomethingthathaslongpuzzledsocialscientists.Afterall,thereisnonaturalreasonwhy2,500peopleshouldaccidentallyshootthemselveseachyearorwhy7,000shoulddrownor55,000dieintheircars.Nooneestablishesaquotaforeachtypeofdeath.Itjusthappensthattheyfollowaconsistentpatternyearafteryear.
AfewyearsagoaCanadianpsychologistnamedGeraldWildebecameinterestedinthisphenomenon.HenoticedthatmortalityratesforviolentandaccidentaldeathsthroughouttheWesternworldhaveremainedoddlystaticthroughoutthewholeofthecentury,despiteallthetechnologicaladvancesandincreasesinsafetystandardsthathavehappenedinthattime.Wildedevelopedanintriguingtheorycalled“riskhomeostasis”.Accordingtothistheory,peopleinstinctivelylivewithacertainlevelofrisk.Whensomethingismadesafer,peoplewillgetaroundthemeasureinsomewaytoreasserttheoriginallevelofdanger.If,forinstance,theyarerequiredtowearseatbelts,theywillfeelsaferandthuswilldrivealittlefasterandalittlemorerecklessly,therebystatisticallycancelingoutthebenefitsthattheseatbeltconfers.Otherstudieshaveshownthatwhereanintersectionismadesafer,theaccidentrateinvariablyfallstherebutrisestoacompensatinglevelelsewherealongthesamestretchofroad.Itappears,then,thatwehaveaninnateneedfordanger.
Inallevents,itisbecomingclearerandclearertoscientiststhatthefactorsinfluencingourlifespanarefarmoresubtleandcomplexthanhadbeenpreviouslythought.Itnowappearsthatifyouwishtolivealonglife,itisn’tsimplyamatterofadheringtocertainprecautions…eatingtherightfoods,notsmoking,drivingwithcare.Youmustalsohavetherightattitude.ScientistsattheDukeUniversityMedicalCentermadea15-yearstudyof500personspersonalitiesandfound,somewhattotheirsurprise,thatpeoplewithasuspiciousormistrustfulnaturedieprematurelyfarmoreoftenthanpeoplewithasunnydisposition.Lookingonthebrightside,itseems,canaddyearstoyourlifespan.
11.Whatsocialscientistshavelongfeltpuzzledaboutiswhy.
A)themortalityratecannotbepredicted
B)thedeathtollremainedstableyearafteryear
C)aquotaforeachtypeofdeathhasnotcomeintobeing
D)peoplelosttheirliveseveryyearforthisorthatreason
12.Inhisresearch,GeraldWildefindsthattechnologicaladvancesandincreasesinsafetystandards.
A)havehelpedsolvetheproblemofsohighdeathrate
B)haveoddlyaccountedformortalityratesinthepastcentury
C)havereducedmortalityratesforviolentandaccidentaldeaths
D)haveachievednoeffectinbringingdownthenumberofdeaths
13.Accordingtothetheoryof“riskhomeostasis”,sometrafficaccidentsresultfrom.
A)ourinnatedesireforrisk
B)ourfastandrecklessdriving
C)ourignoranceofseatbeltbenefits
D)ourinstinctiveinterestinspeeding
14.Bysaying“…statisticallycancelingoutthebenefitsthattheseatbeltconfers”(Para.2),theauthormeans.
A)wearingseatbeltsdoesnothaveanybenefitsfromthestatisticpointofview
B)deathsfromwearingseatbeltsarethesameasthosefromnotwearingthem
C)deathsfromotherreasonscounterbalancethebenefitsofwearingseatbelts
D)wearingseatbeltsdoesnotnecessarilyreducedeathsfromtrafficaccidents
15.Whichofthefollowingmaycontributetoalongerlifespan?
A)Showingadequatetrustinsteadofsuspicionofothers
B)Eatingthefoodlowinfatanddrivingwithgreatcare
C)Cultivatinganoptimisticpersonalityandneverlosingheart
D)Lookingonthebrightsideanddevelopingabalancedlevelofrisk
PassageTwo
Questions16to20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
InCaliforniatheregulators,theutilitiesandthegovernorallwanttheFederalEnergyRegulatoryCommissiontocapspot(现货的)marketprices.TheCaliforniansclaimitwillreininoutrageousprices.Federalregulatorshaverefused.Thebattleison.
GovernorGrayDavissays,“I’mnothappywiththeFederalRegulatoryCommissionatall.They’relivinginanivorytower.IftheirbillsweregoinguplikethepeopleinSanDiego,theywouldknowthatthisisarealproblemintherealworld.”
Aspartofderegulation,pricecapswereremovedtoallowforafreemarket.Timingiseverything;naturalgaspriceshadalreadyskyrocketed.DemandwashighfromCalifornia’sboomingeconomy.Nonewpowerplantshadbeenbuilthereintenyears,andpowerproducershadtherighttohikepricesalongwithdemand.Andhikethemtheydid.
LorettaLynchofthePublicUtilitiesCommissionsays,”ThiscommissionandallofCaliforniawasbeatingdownthedooroffederalregulatorstosay‘helpusimposereasonablepricecapstohelptokeepourmarketstable.”
Federalregulatorsdidaskforlonger-termcontractsbetweenpowerproducersandtheutilitiestostabilizeprices.Thefederalcommission,unavailableforcommentonthisstory,releasedarecentstatementdefendingitspositionnottore-regulate.
FederalEnergyRegulatoryCommissionDec.15,2000:
“Thecommission?
sintentionistoenablethemarketstocatchuptocurrentsupplyanddemandproblemsandnottoreintroducecommandandcontrolregulationthathashelpedtoproducethecurrentcrisis.”
Someenergyexpertsbelievethat,withouttemporarypricecaps,thecrisiswillcontinue.
SeverinBorensteinoftheU.C.EnergyInstitutesays,“SomefederalregulatorshaveablindcommitmenttomakingthemarketworkandIthinkpartoftheproblemistheyreallydon?
tunderstandwhat?
sgoingon.”
GaryAckermanoftheWesternPowerTradingForumsays,“He’sdeadwrongaboutthat.Thefederalregulatorsunderstandfarbetterthananyindividualstatethat,thoughitmightbepainfulanditcertainlyispainfulinCalifornia,pricecapsdon’twork.Theyneverwork.”
16.ThebattlebetweenCaliforniansandfederalregulatorsisabout.
A)controloverthepriceofpower
B)necessityofremovingpricecaps
C)hikingtheenergypricesinCalifornia
D)aregulationconcerningpowersupply
17.GovernorGrayDaviswasdissatisfiedwiththeFederalRegulatoryCommissionbecause.
A)theydidnotknowwhattherealproblemwas
B)theywerelivinganeasylifeinanivorytower
C)theycouldnotexperiencethelifeinSanDiego
D)theyturnedablindeyetothesituationinCalifornia
18.TheFederalCommissionuncappedtheenergypricewiththeintentionto.
A)helpCalifornia’seconomyboomingsteadily
B)preventpowerpricefromgoingupanyfurther
C)enablethemarkettodealwithsupplyanddemandproblems
D)havecontractssignedbetweenpowerproducersandtheutilities
19.Tohelpkeeppricesfromgoinghigher,peopleandgroupsinCalifornia.
A)imposedreasonablepricecaps
B)beatdownthedooroffederalregulators
C)urgedthefederalauthoritiestotakeaction
D)struggledagainstfederalpolicytohikeprices
20.Energyexpertsagainstpricecapsbelievethat.
A)thepresentsituationinCaliforniawillcontinueunlessthereispricecontrol
B)thecurrentcrisisispartlyattributedtopreviouscommandandcontrolpolicy
C)pricecapscantemporarilysolveenergyproblemsanindividualstatemeetswith
D)theydounderstandwhatisgoingoninCaliforniaandwilltakepropermeasures
PassageThree
Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.
Anotherculturalaspectofnonverbalcommunicationisonethatyoumightnotthinkabout:
space.Everypersonperceiveshimselftohaveasortofinvisibleshieldsurroundinghisphysicalbody.Whensomeonecomestooclose,hefeelsuncomfortable.Whenhebumpsontosomeone,hefeelsobligatedtoapologize.Butthesizeofaperson’s“comfortzone”dependsonhisculturalethnicorigin.Forexample,incasualconversation,manyAmericansstandaboutfourfeetapart.Inotherwords,theyliketokeepeachother“atarm?
slength”,peopleinLatinorArabcultures,incontrast,standveryclosetoeachother,andtoucheachotheroften.IfsomeonefromoneofthoseculturesstandstooclosetoanAmericanwhileinconversation,theAmericanmayfeeluncomfortableandbackaway.
WhenAmericansaretalking,theyexpectotherstorespondtowhattheyaresaying.ToAmericans,politeconversationalistsempathizebydisplayingexpressionsofexcitementordisgust,shockorsadness.Peoplewitha“pokerface”,whoseemotionsarehiddenbyadeadpanexpression,arelookeduponwithsuspicion.Americansalsoindicatetheirattentivenessinaconversationbyraisingtheireyebrows,nodding,smilingpolitelyandmaintaininggoodeyecontact.Whereassomeculturesviewdirecteyecontactasimpoliteorthreatening,Americansseeitasasignofgenuinenessandhonesty.Ifapersondoesn’tlookyouintheeye,Americanmightsay,youshouldquestionhismotives—orassumethathedoesn’tlikeyou.Yetwithalltheconcernforeyecontact,Americansstillconsiderstaring—especiallyatstrangers—toberude.
21.Whattheauthordiscussedintheprevioussectionismostprobablyabout.
A)classificationofnonverbalcommunication
B)thereasonswhypeopleshouldthinkaboutspace
C)therelationshipbetweencommunicationandspace
D)someotherculturalaspectsofnonverbalcommunication
22.Howfarpeoplekeeptoeachotherwhiletalkingiscloselyassociatedwiththeir.
A)originB)cultureC)customD)nationality
23.WhenanItaliantalkstoanArabianoninformaloccasions,.
A)hestandsaboutfourfeetaway
B)“comfortzone”doesnotexist
C)keepingcloseenoughispreferred
D)communicationbarriersmayemerge
24.A“pokerface”(Line3,Para.2)referstoafacewhichis.
A)
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