常熟理工学院跨文化交际复习题.docx
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常熟理工学院跨文化交际复习题.docx
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常熟理工学院跨文化交际复习题
完形填空
1.
The20thcenturywitnessedgreatchangeincommunicationtechnology.Internationalcommunicationthatonlyafewdecadesagotookdays,ifnotweeks,nowtakesseconds.Withe-mail,faxes,theInternet,satellites,andtelephoneswecan____1____ourinternationalpartnersatamoment’snotice.Ifwewantamorepersonalexchange,teleconferencingisalmostlikebringingtheotherperson____2____intoouroffice.Andifwewantatrueface-to-facediscussion,jetscantakeusanywherewithinhours.Thevarietyofchannelsofcommunicationistruly____3____.Thechoiceofwhichchanneltouseinaparticularsituationisinfluencedby____4____prioritiesandvalues.
Thechangesintechnologyhavefacilitatedtheexchangeofideas,buttheyalsohaveamplifiedthepossibilitiesforculturalmisunderstanding.Itissoeasyto____5____thatthepersonontheotherendoftheline(ore-mailorcellphoneconnection)communicatesjustaswedo.Afterall,heorsheusesthesametechnologyandmaybeeventhesamebusinessterminology.
Inadditiontochangesintechnology,therehavebeenmassivepoliticalandeconomicchangesinrecent____6____thataffectbusinesscommunicationinternationally.Chinaisadoptingamarket-orientedeconomywithitsownunique____7____;IndiaisembracingWebandcellphonecommunication.Smallindustrializedcountriesresentbeingbulliedbybigones.
Non-WesterncountriesarebecomingmoreassertiveandprotectiveoftheirculturalvaluesandbehaviorsanddonotacceptWesternbusinesspracticesquietlyanylonger.Inrecentyearstheactivityofinternationalterroristshasgeneratedincreasedvigilancearoundtheworld;Internet____8____arealsoapresentthreattoglobalcommunicationchannels.
Asaresult,understandingotherculturesismore____9____thanever.Ifweconsiderthatpeoplewiththesameeconomic,political,andculturalbackgroundhaveproblemscommunicatingeffectively,wecanappreciatethedifficultiesandchallengesthatpeoplefromdiverseculturesfacewhentryingtocommunicate
Misunderstandingswillalwaysbeapartofinterculturalcommunication.Buttheycanbe____10____throughanawarenessoftheprioritiesandexpectationsofthebusinesspartners.
1.contact2.right3.amazing4.cultural5.assume
6.decades7.characteristics8.viruses9.important
10.minimized
2.
Cultureisnecessaryforthesurvivalandexistenceofhumanbeingsashumanbeings.Practicallyeverythinghumansknow,think,value,feelanddoislearnedthrough___1___inasocio-culturalsystem.Thefewwell-documentedcasesofchildrenwhoareisolatedfromsocietyintheirearlyyearssupportthisstatement.Peoplehavealwaysbeeninterestedin___2___humanbeingswoulddevelopina“culture-free”setting.Todayitisconsideredimmoraltoisolateindividualsatbirthforexperimentalreasons,butsuchexperimentationwasattemptedinthepast.TheEgyptianpharaohtriedtodiscoverwhatlanguagechildrenwould“naturally”___3___iftheywererearedwheretheycouldhearnohumanvoice.Heorderedtwoinfantstobe___4___fromsocietyandhadthembroughtupwithoutthesoundofanyhumanspeech.Heassumedthattheywould“naturally”talkinthelanguageoftheirancestors,andtohisears,theirbabblingsoundedlikePhrygian,anancientMediterraneantongue.Inthefifteenthcentury,KingJamesIVofScotlandtriedasimilarexperimentandclaimedhistwoinfantsspokeinHebrew,thelanguageofthe___5___oftheBible.Bothmonarchsweremistaken,ofcourse.Nowweknowthatchildrenlearnhumanlanguageinthesamewaytheylearnotherkindsofhumandevelopment–byparticipationinaculturalcommunity.Theylearnaspecifichumanlanguageaswellasspecifickindsofhuman___6___throughtheirmembershipinaspecific___7___community.Thecasesofthewolf-childrenmakefascinatingreading.Butmoreimportantly,theyemphasizethatweashumanbeingscanonlydevelopourpotentialbygrowingupinclose___8___withotherhumanbeings.
Schoolsteachchildrenculturalelementsdirectlythroughsuchsubjectsashistory,language,andscience.Buttheyalsoteachchildren___9___;theyimplantthevaluesoftheirspecificculturebywhattheyrequirechildrentodoornotdo.Ifthewolf-childrenweretobeeducatedinamodernschool,theymighthaveaneducationalexperiencesimilartothoseofotherchildren.Althoughculturerestrictsustocertainkindsofvalues,thoughtsandbehavior,cultureisalsowhatallowsusto___10___ourhumanqualitiesandabilities.Thepricethatwepayforbeinghumanisthatwebecomehumaninaculturallyspecificway.
1.participation2.how3.speak4.isolated5.Bible6.behavior7.cultural8.association9.indirectly10.develop
3.
Communicationiscentraltoourexistence.Itisthrough____1____thatwelearnwhoweare,andwhattheworldaroundusislike.Toalarge____2____,ouridentityasbothindividualandculturalbeingisshapedthroughcommunication.Throughthis,weexploretheworldaroundus,and____3____bonds,networks,andrelationshipswithotherpeople.Communicationpermitsusto____4____ourthoughtsandfeelingstoothers,andtosatisfyouremotionaland____5____needsaswelearntocommunicatebetter,webegintoachievesomemeasureofcontrolovereventsthataffectusandthosearoundus.
Therearethreebasicaspectstocommunication:
ourindividualpersonality,thecultureweoperatein,andthephysical____6____thatsurroundsus.Eachoftheseaspectshasa(n)____7____onwhatandhowwecommunicate.
Communicationistransactional.Eachpersonencodesandsendsmessages,andinturnreceivesanddecodes____8____.Thecodinganddecodingprocessisprimarilyculture-basedandinvolvesadiversesetofelements,includingwords,gestures,____9____,values,etc.Whetheracommunicationissuccessfulornotdependsgreatlyonthecircumstances.Thekeyiswhethertheparticipantshavesome____10____culturalbackground,knowledgeandexperiences.Incross-culturalsituations,thissharedareamaybeverysmall.
1.communication2.extent3.establish4.express5.material6.environment7.influence8.messages9.symbols10.similar
4.
JapanandChinaareclosegeographically,andmuchoftheirphilosophicalandculturalheritageisasharedlegacy.Itisnatural,therefore,forpeopleunfamiliarwiththeEasternworldtooverlookdifferencesbetweenthesetwocultures.Thisisclearlyreflectedincross-culturalcommunicationstudies,whichfocusoncomparisonsandcontrastsof___1___andWesternperspectives.Typically,Asiancultures(suchasJapanese,Chinese,andKorean)arestudiedwithreferenceto,orincontrastto,___2___culturessuchastheUnitedStates.ThetendencytoconsiderChineseandJapaneseculturesasverysimilartoeachotherisalsofoundinmajorinterculturalcommunicationtextbooks,wheremaximalculturaldifferencesarepresented,implicitlyorexplicitly,betweenAsianandU.S.Americancultures.Muchcross-culturalcommunicationresearchhasexploredthe___3___betweencultureandvarioustypesofcommunicationbehaviorusingtheconstructofindividualismandcollectivism.Hofstede’swork,andthatofotherssince,concludesthatEasternculturesaremore___4___thanEuropeanandNorthAmericancultures.Alargenumberofcross-culturalandinterculturalcommunicationstudieshaveassumedthisEast-Westdifferenceasastartingpointforinvestigationofthecultural___5___onarangeofcommunicationpractices,fromin-groupandout-grouprelationships,toconflictstyles,tocommunicationgoals.Furthermore,pastcross-culturalresearchhassuggestedthatacollectivisticorientationiscloselyrelatedtoahigh-contextcommunicationstyle.ThisviewhasoftenledtoanassumptionthatJapaneseandChineseculturesemploy___6___communicationstyles,thatis,amodeofcommunicationinwhichmostoftheinformationisconveyedbycontext,andlittleisexpressedinexplicitverbalmessages.ThisfocusontheEast-Westcontrast,togetherwitharelianceononedimensionforcomparison,hasemphasized___7___betweenJapanandChina.Inthepast,cross-culturalcommunicationstudieshave___8___bothJapaneseandChineseascollectivisticcultures,andthus,bycomparisontoWesterncultures,bothJapaneseandChinesearepresumedtoemployhigh-contextcommunication.Asaresult,differencesbetweenthesetwoEasterncultures,asistrueforallnon-Westerncultures,havebeenlargely___9___.Moreover,researchinthepasthaslargelytakenapositivisticapproach,withoperationaldefinitionsoftheconceptsinthestudiesbasedonWesternthinking.Thisapproachisinadequateforidentifyingsubtlenuancesorunderlyingdifferencesinthediverseculturesclassifiedascollectivistic,becausefromaWesternperspectivethese___10___differencesareoftenregardedasunimportant.
1.Eastern2.Western3.relation4.collectivistic5.influence
6.high-context7.similarities8.classified9.overlooked10.subtle
5.
BeyondM-timeandP-time,Hallalso_____1_____fivetimezonesforarriving
lateforappointmentsinaccordancewithEuropeanAmericanreflections:
_____2_____somethingtime(5-10minuteslate,approximately);
_____3_____apologytime(10-15minuteslate,approximately);
mildly_____4_____orseriousapologytime(15-30minuteslate);____5_____time(30-45minuteslate);
_____6_____insultingtime(45-60minuteslate).
ForpeoplewhofollowM-time_____7_____strictly(e.g.manynorthernEuropeansandEuropeanAmericans),theirworkingunitoftimeisthe5-minuteblock.Iftheyare5minuteslateforanappointment,theymumblesomething.Iftheyare15minuteslate–ablockoftime_____8_____threesignificantunits–theyaree
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