美国文学概况及作品选读复习宝典解析.docx
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美国文学概况及作品选读复习宝典解析.docx
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美国文学概况及作品选读复习宝典解析
1.PoorRichard’sAlmanacisanannualcollectionofproverbswrittenbyBenjaminFranklin.
2.PhilipFreneaudevelopedanatural,simple,andconcretediction,bestillustratedinsuchnaturelyricsas“TheWildHoneySuckle”and“TheIndianBuryingGround”.
3.PhilipFreneauhasbeencalledthe“FatherofAmericanPoetry”.
4.InWashingtonIrving’sSketchBookappearedthefirstmodernshortstoriesandthefirstgreatAmericanjuvenileliterature.
5.“ToaWaterfowl”isperhapsthepeakofWilliamCullenBryant’swok.
6.“Thanatopsis,WilliamCullenBryant’sbest-knownpoem,consistsoffourstanzasiniambictetrameterabab.Thetitlemeans“viewofdeath”.
7.EdgarAllanPoeisconsidered“fatherofAmericandetectivestoriesandAmericangothicstories”.
8.Emersonbelievedaboveallinindividualism,independenceofmind,andself-reliance.
9.InWalden,Thoreauthoughtitbetterforamantoworkonedayaweekandrestsix,andtherestofthetimecouldbedevotedtothought.
10.Hawthorne’sstoriestouchthedeepestrootsofman’smoralnature.
11.Afterhisdeath,LongfellowbecametheonlyAmericantobehonoredwithabustinthePoet’sCornerofWestminsterAbbey.
12.ThepoeticstyleWaltWhitmandevisedisnowcalledfreeverse.
13.HenryJamesisfamousforhisinternationalthemeofthetraditionlessAmericanconfrontingthecomplexityofEuropeanlife.
14.JackLondonbelievedintheinevitabletriumphofthestrongestindividuals.
Terms
1.Transcendentalism
2.Naturalism
3.TheLostGeneration
5.Modernism
6.Romanticism
7.Puritanism
Identifythefragments.
2.Frommorningsunsandeveningdews
Atfirstthylittlebeingcame;
Ifnothingonce,younothinglose,
Forwhenyoudieyouarethesame;
Thespacebetween,isbutanhour,
Thefraildurationofaflower.
(1)Whoisthewriteroftheseverses?
(2)Whatisthetitleofthispoem?
(3)Giveabriefcommentonthispoems.
Answer:
(1)PhilipFreneau
(2)TheWildHoneysuckle
(3)HereFreneauoffersaversionofanabundantAmericawithpotentialforprovidingagoodlifeforall.ThepoemisalsoanindicationofhisdedicationtoAmericansubjectmatterasheexaminedpeculiarlyAmericancharacteristicsofthecountryside.
3.Fromthelistlessreposeoftheplace,andthepeculiarcharacterofitsinhabitants,whoaredescendantsfromtheoriginalDutchsettlers,thissequesteredglenhaslongbeenknownbythenameofSLEEPYHOLLOW,anditsrusticladsarecalledtheSleepyHollowBoysthroughoutalltheneighboringcountry.Drowsyanddreamyinfluenceseemstohangovertheland,andtopervadetheveryatmosphere.SomesaythattheplacewasbewitchedbyahighGermandoctor,duringtheearlydaysofthesettlement;others,thatanoldIndianchief,theprophetorwizardofhistribe,heldhispowwowstherebeforethecountrywasdiscoveredbyMasterHendrickHudson.
Question:
(1)Whoisthewriterofthisshortstoryfromwhichthepassageistaken?
(2)Whatisthetitleofthisshortstory?
(3)Giveadefinitionof“shortstory”?
Answer:
(1)WashingtonIrving
(2)TheLegendofSleepyHollow
(3)Ashortstoryisabriefprosefiction,usuallyonethatcanbereadinasinglesitting.Itgenerallycontainsthesixmajorelementsoffictioncharacterization,setting,theme,plot,pointofviewandstyle.
5.Togointosolitude,amanneedstoretireasmuchfromhischamberasfromsociety.IamnotsolitarywhilstIreadandwrite,thoughnobodyiswithme.Butifamanwouldbealone,lethimlookatthestars.Theraysthatcomefromthoseheavenlyworlds,willseparatebetweenhimandvulgarthings.Onemightthinktheatmospherewasmadetransparentwiththisdesign,togiveman,intheheavenlybodies,theperpetualpresenceofthesublime.Seeninthestreetsofcities,howgreattheyare!
Ifthestarsshouldappearonenightinathousandyears,howwouldmenbelieveandadore;andpreserveformanygenerationtheremembranceofthecityofGodwhichhadbeenshown!
Buteverynightcomeoutthesepreachersofbeauty,andlighttheuniversewiththeiradmonishingsmile.
Question:
(1)Thisparagraphistakenfromafamousessay.Whatistheessay?
(2)Whoistheauthor?
(3)Whatdoestheauthorsaywouldhappenifthestarsappearedonenightinathousandyears?
(4)Giveapeculiartermtocovertheauthor’sbelief.
Answer:
(1)Nature
(2)RalphWaldoEmerson
(3)Then,themencannotbelieveandadoretheGod,cannotpreservetheremembranceofthecityofGodwhichhadbeenshown.
(4)Transcendentalism
6.Isabelalwaysfeltanimpulsetopulloutthepins;notthatsheimaginedtheyinflictedanydamageonthetougholdparchment,butbecauseitseemedtoherauntmightmakebetteruseofhersharpness.Shewasverycriticalherself-itwasincidentaltohersex,andhernationalitybutshewasverysentimentalaswell,andtherewassomethinginMrs.Touchett’sdrynessthatsetherownmoralfountainsflowing.
Questions:
(1)Thispassageistakenfromawell-knownnovel.Whatisthenameofthenovel?
(2)Whoistheauthorofthisnovel?
(3)Makeabriefcommentontheheroineofthisnovel?
(4)Whatisthemeoftheauthor?
Tellsomethingaboutit.
Answer:
(1)ThePortraitofaLady
(2)HenryJames
(3)SheisoneoftheJamesianAmericangirls.ShearrivesinEurope,fullofhope,andwithawilltoliveafreeandnoblelife,butinfact,sheonlyfallspreytothesinisterdesignsoftwovulgarandunscrupulousexpatriates,MadamMerleandGilbertOsmond.
(4)JamesianthemereferstoHenryJames’shandlingofhismajorfictionaltheme,“theinternationaltheme”:
themeetingofAmericaandEurope,AmericaninnocenceincontactandcontrastwithEuropeandecadenceandthemoralandPsychologicalcomplicationsarisingtherefrom.
Givebriefanswerstothefollowingquestions.
1.CommentbrieflyonEmilyDickinson’sthemes?
(1)ByfarthelargestportionofDickinson’spoetryconcernsdeathandimmortality,themewhichlieatthecentreofDickinson’sworld.
(2)Dickinson’snaturepoemsarealsogreatinnumberandrichinmatter.Naturalphenomena,changesofseasons,heavenlybodies,animals,birdsandinsects,flowersofvariouskinds,andmanyothersubjectsrelatedtonaturefindherwayintoherpoetry.
(3)Dickinsonalsowrotesomepoemsaboutlove.Likeherdeathandnaturepoems,herlovepoemswereoriginal.
(4)Besidesdeathsandimmortality,natureandlove,Dickinson’spoemsareconcernedaboutethics,withrespecttowhich,sheemphasizesfreewillandhumanresponsibility.
4HenryJamesisagreatrealisticwriter.Nametwoofhismajorworks.Doyouknowanythingabouthisnarrativepointofview?
Whatisitfor?
HowdoesJamesemployitinhisworks?
Brieflydiscussthisquestion.
(1)HenryJames’smajorworksincludeDaisyMillerandThePortraitofaLady,etc.
(2)OneofHenryJamesliterarytechniquesishisnarrativepointofview.Astheauthor,Jamesavoidstheauthorialomniscienceasmuchaspossibleandmakeshischaractersrevealthemselveswithhisminimalintervention.Soitisoftenthecasethatinhisnovelsweusuallylearnthemainstorybyreadingthroughoneorseveralmindsandsharetheirperspectives.Thisnarrativemethodprovestobesuccessfulinbringingouthisthemes.
6.TellthedifferencesbetweenEmilyDickinsonandWaltWhitman
(1)EmilyDickinsonexpressestheinnerlifeofindividuals,whileWaltWhitmankeepshiseyesonthesocietyatlarge.
(2)EmilyDickinsonisregional,whileWaltWhitmanisnationalinhisoutlook.
(3)Formally,EmilyDickinsonusesconcise,simpledictionsandsyntax,whileWaltWhitmanusesendless,all-inclusivecatalogs.
9.JackLondon’sthemes
(1)Londonwaslogicallyinconsistentinhisviewpoint.
Ontheonehand,hetookfaithinDarwin’ssurvivalofthefittest,evolutionaryconceptofprogress,andontheotherhand,heembracedthesocialists’doctrinesofMarx.
(2)Londonwroteonmanysubjectsandthemeswhichcenteredaroundprimitiveviolence,Anglo-Saxonsupremacy(至上),biologicalevolution,classwarfare,andmechanisticdeterminism.Hisheroesarephysicallyrobustandruggedbutoftenpsychologicallyharried(苦恼).Hisheroinesareathletic,daring,yetintenselyfeminine.Theyareman’sintellectualequalandhisemotionalsuperior.
HistoryAndAnthologyofAmericanLiterature(VolumeⅠ)
美国文学史及选读1
PartⅠTheLiteratureofColonialAmerica殖民主义时期的文学
1.17世纪早期EnglishandEuropeanexplorers开始登陆美洲。
在他们之前100多年CaribbeanIslands,MexicoandotherPartsofSouthAmerica已被theSpanish占领。
2.17th早期EnglishsettlementsinVirginiaandMassachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史
3.美国最早殖民者(earliestsettlers)includedDutch,Swedes,Germans,Freunch,Spaniards,ItaliansandPortugueses(荷兰人,瑞典人,德国人,法国人,西班牙人,意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为thenarrativesandjournalsofthesesettlements采用indiariesandinjournals(日记和日志),他们写关于thelandwithdenseforestsanddeep-bluelakesandrichsoil.
5.第一批美国永久居民:
thefirstpermanentEnglishsettlementinNorthAmericawasestablishedatJamestown,Virginiain1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯CaptainJohnSmith他的作品(reportsofexploration)17th早期出版,被认为是美国第一部真正意义上的文学作品intheearly1600s,havebeendescribedasthefirstdistinctlyAmericanliteraturewritteninEnglish.他讲述了filledwiththemes,myths,images,scenes,characterandevents,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lurethePilgrimsandthePuritans.
7.美国第一位作家:
1608年CaptainJohnSmith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》“ATrueRelationofSuchOccurrencesandAccidentsofNoteasHathHappenedinVirginiaSincetheFirstPlantingofThatColony”.
8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图,附:
一个乡村的描述》“AMapofVirginia:
withaDescriptionoftheCountry”.
9.他一共出版了八本书,其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。
其破产后做为向导soughtapostasguidetothePilgrims.他1624年《弗吉尼亚通史》“GeneralHistoryofVirginia”,讲述了传奇故事howtheIndianprincessPocahontas(波卡洪特斯)saved
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