白鲸老人与海5000字.docx
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白鲸老人与海5000字.docx
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白鲸老人与海5000字
DifferentanalogyofthewhaleinAmericanNovels
1.Introduction
ThewhalehasbeenverypopularusedamongtheAmericannovelists,andthewhalesarealwaysusedasthemaincharacterinthevariousworks.Suchasthetwofamousbooks—HermanMelville’srepresentativeworkMobyDick,andHemingway’sTheOldManandtheSea,butinthetwonovelsthebigfishhavedifferentsymbolicmeanings.Thisthesisconcentratedonthedifferentsymbolicmeaningsofthefishanditseffectonthesocietyfromtheperspectiveofhumanandnature,culture,andatthesametimeonthebasisoftheAmericanhistoryandpolitics.
IchoosethistopicforthereasonthatstudyingthesymbolicmeaningofthewhaleanditcanhelpunderstandtheAmericansocietyatthattime.AndthethesisconnectswiththebackgroundoftheAmericansociety,understandthemethodthathowtomakethedifferentsymbolicmeaningofthewhaleinthenovel,andhowtoexpressthewriter’semotiontothereaders,andwhatdoesitreflect.TotheEnglishlearnersorthetranslators,itcanalsohelpthemtounderstandthecountry’sculturebackgroundandovercometheculturebarrierwhentheystudytheirmajors.
2.WhaleandtheWhiteculture
2.1Thedefinitionofthewhaleandthewhiteness
Whiteculture isan interdisciplinary stageofacademicstudyfocusedonwhatsupportersdescribeasthecultural,historicalandsociologicalaspectsof peopleidentifiedaswhite,andthe socialconstructionof whiteness asanideologytiedtosocialstatus.Bythemid-1990s,manyworksacrossmanysubjectsanalyzedwhiteness,andithassincebecomeatopicforacademiccourses,researchandanthologies.
Acentrallawofwhitecultureisareadingofhistoryanditseffectsonthepresent,inspiredby postmodernismand historicism,inwhichtheveryconceptof racialsuperiorityissaidtohavebeensociallyconstructedinordertojustifydiscriminationagainstnon-whites.Sincethe19thcentury,criticsoftheconceptofracehavequestionedifhumanracesevenexistandpointedoutthatarbitrarycategoriesbasedon appearancecharacteristicsarechosen,andthattheideaofraceisnotaboutimportantdifferenceswithinthehumanspecies.ThomasK.NakayamaandRobertL.Krizekwriteaboutwhitenessasa"strategicrhetoric,"assertingthatwhitenessisaproductof"discursiveformation"anda"rhetoricalconstruction"intheessay"Whiteness:
AStrategicRhetoric."NakayamaandKrizekwrite,"thereisno'trueessence'to'whiteness':
thereareonlyhistoricallyuncertainconstructionsofthatsociallocation."
Majorareasofresearchincludethenatureofwhiteidentityandof whiteprivilege,thehistoricalprocessbywhichawhiteracialidentitywascreated,therelationofculturetowhiteidentity,andpossibleprocessesofsocialchangeastheyaffectwhiteidentity.Manyscientistshavedemonstratedthatracialtheoriesarebaseduponanarbitraryclusteringofappearancecategoriesand customs,andcanoverlooktheproblemofgradationsbetweencategories.Researchonwhitenesshasrecentlyexplodedontotheacademicscene.Researchershavecreatedawholenewsiteofresearching,whichisdesignednottogazeoutwardatthemarginsbutcriticallyexaminewhatliesatthecenterofracialinstitutionalpower:
whiteness.Thisresearchisfromthedesiretoexaminethelocationofprivilegegrantedtopeoplesimplybecausetheyappearwhite,ratherthantoestablishatheoryaboutthosepopulationsthatarealreadyoutsideoftheracialcenter.
Whilethewhaleisthenameofthecetaceananimalwholivesintheseaofthenorthpole,thecolorofitsskiniswhite,andthecharactersofthewhaleismild,andintheworldthereareabout100,000whales,andtheyarerare.Whaleswerelittleunderstoodformostofhumanhistoryastheyspendupto90%oftheirlivesunderwater,onlysurfacingbrieflytobreathe.Theyalsoincludethelargestanimalsontheplanet.AndherewewillpaymoreattentiononthewhalewhosenameMobyDick.WhileintheBible,TheBible,1611 AuthorizedVersionitmentionswhalesforfourtimes:
Genesis 1:
21AndGodcreatedgreat whales,andeverylivingcreaturethatmoveth,whichthewatersbroughtforthabundantly,aftertheirkind,andeverywingedfowlafterhiskind:
andGodsawthat itwas good.Thesecondtime:
Job 7:
12 Am Iasea,ora whale,thatthousettestawatchoverme?
Thethirdtime:
Ezekiel 32:
2Sonofman,takeupalamentationforPharaohkingofEgypt,andsayuntohim,Thouartlikeayounglionofthenations,andthou art asawhale intheseas:
andthoucamestforthwiththyrivers,andtroubledstthewaterswiththyfeet,andfouledsttheirrivers.Thelasttime:
Matthew 12:
40ForasJonaswasthreedaysandthreenightsinthe whale'sbelly;soshalltheSonofmanbethreedaysandthreenightsintheheartoftheearth.
2.2Thegeneralideasonthesymbolicmeaningofthewhale
TheMobyDickisregardedasthemostgloriousexpressionoftheAmericanimagination.HermanMelvilledepictsthegrandwhalingscene,digsouttheinnermindofthecharacters,andexpresseshisrationalanddeepthinkingonthephilosophy,religion,andnature.AttheMobyDick’sbeginning,HermanMelvillelistedthewhalesappearedintheliteraryworksfromtheancienttothenowadays,andMobyDickisthelegendarywhale“apeculiarsnow-whitewrinkledforehead,andahighpyramidcalwhitehump”(chapter41),whilewhatdoesthewhalesymbolizeinthenovel?
TothecaptainAhab,MobyDickishisenemybothinthemindandinthebody;totheIshmael,MobyDickistherepresentativeofthenatureandtheuniverse;tothehereticsailor,MobyDickistheseamonster;wiletothelunatic,MobyDickistherepresentativeofthegod.Thewhaleisconsideredastheembodimentoftheevilintheworldorthenatureorthecapitalistsystem,whileIconsiderthewhaleasthenatureandthenaturalrules.
2.3Therelationshipbetweenthewhaleandthewhiteculture
Whenitcomestotherelationshipwithwhaleandthewhiteculture,itmustbeadmittedthattheyhavesomethingincommon.Firstlywhaleisdepictedasthewhite-skinnedanimal,andthehumanconsideredtheyarebeautiful.Justlikethewhiteculturewhichisconsideredasthemainstreamcultureofthesociety,andthewhiteculturecoverseverythingandofcoursebeingconsideredasthebeautifulandrightone.Theirsurfaceisallwhite,whilebehindthesurfacetheyembodiedtheirnature.TotheMobyDick,asthewhaleitshouldhavebeenmildormodest,whileitisfierceandcruel,andthischaracterhidesunderthemildappearance.Thewhiteculturealsohidesitssupremacyunderthewhiteappearance.Totheweak,theMobyDickmakesthemterrified,nervous,anddarenotresistit.Itisjustthesameactivitytotheblack,whenthewhitecultureappearsinfrontoftheblackones,theblacksareafraid,horrifiedtoit.Bothofthetwopresstheweak.
2.4TheconnectionsbetweenthewhaleandthesocialprobleminAmerica
Inthe19thcentury,withthedevelopmentofthecapitalism,theanthropocentrismisverywidelyspread,thedesireofthehumanismoreandmoreexpanded,andthehumanwanttobethecontrollerofthenature.Inordertopursuethecapitalprofits,thehumanlosetherespectandthecareothenature.Humanaskfortheoriginalmaterialsfromthenatureandkilltheanimalswithoutrestraints.Andwhatthehumandidinspirestheresistofthenature.TheAmericastaysintheexpandingcapitalismandtheAmericastepsintothewidewestandtheocean.Thewhaleoil,whalehead,andthewhaleboneplayanimportantroleintheirdailylife;especiallythewhalecanbewidelyusedinthelightingandsteelmaking.Thewhalingcangetmoreprofits,anditbecomesthebackboneproduction.SothecapitalistcountriesespeciallyAmericaisnotafraidofthehardshipanddangertowhalingandcontroltheoceans.Conqueringthewestandtheoceans,anddevelopingtheexistingroominspiresthehumanregardthenatureastheenemy.Thescienceandthetechnology’sdevelopmentalsogivesthetechnicalsupporttotheconquer.Withoutthehuman’sattack,thewhalelivesintheoceanhappilyandfreely,oncetheyarethreatenedtheybecomemorehorrible.Thewhalingboatviolatesthewhale’slivingspace,andthreatenstheirlives,soitarisestherebellingofMobyDick,andmakestheQueequegsink,thehumandead.Thehumanpursuethemaximoftheprofits,andaskformorefromthenaturewithoutrestraints.Thishasrebelledtheobjectivedevelopmentruleofthings,whilefacingthepunishmentofthenature,thehumandonotdoself-examination,onthecontrarythehumandoeverythingaccordingtotheirownwill.Sothehumanmusttaketheresultbythemselves.
3.ThesymbolicmeaningofthewhaleintheMobyDickandTheOldManandtheSea
3.1TheintroductionoftheMobyDick
Moby-Dick;or,TheWhale isanovelwrittenby HermanMelville,andfirstpublishedin1851. Itisconsideredtobeoneofthe GreatAmericanNovels andatreasureoftheworldliterature.Thestorytellstheadventuresofwanderingsailor Ishmael,andhisvoyageonthe whalingship Pequod, commandedby Captain Ahab.IshmaelsoonknowsthatAhabhasonepurposeonthisvoyage:
toseekoutMobyDick,aferocious,enigmaticwhite whale.Becauseinthepreviousmeeting,thewhaledestroyedAhab'sboatandbitoffoneofhisleg,andastherevenge,AhabwantstoseekouttheMobyDick.In Moby-Dick,Melvilleemploysstylizedlanguage, symbolism,andthe metaphor toexplorenumerouscomplexthemes.Duringthejourneyofthemaincharacters,theconceptsofclassandsocialstatus,goodandevil,andtheexistenceofGodareallexamined,asthemaincharactersthinkontheirpersonalbeliefsandtheirplacesintheuniverse.T
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