EPR核工程专业英语.docx
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EPR核工程专业英语.docx
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EPR核工程专业英语
Source:
Theenergycontext
Increasingenergyrequirements
By2050,theEarth'spopulationwillhaverisentobetween8and10billion,comparedtotoday'sfigureof6billion,ofwhomalmostonethirdarewithoutelectricity!
Energyneedswillincreaseconsiderably,sincemankindwillnaturallyaspiretoimprovedlivingconditionsandamoreequitablesharing ofthebenefitsofeconomicprogressand.Nuclearenergyshouldcontributegreatlytomeetingtheserequirementsinacontextofsustainabledevelopment.
AccordingtotheOECD'sInternationalEnergyAgency,thetotalconsumptionofprimaryenergy(coal,oil,gas,nuclearpower,hydropowerandotherformsofrenewableenergy),includingthatusedtogenerateelectricity,currentlystandsataround9billionofmetrictonsofoilequivalent,andissettoincreaseby50%by2030.
TheOECDhasalsoreleasedfiguresfortheEuropeanUnion,indicatinganexpectedannualincreaseinelectricityconsumptionof1.4%between2000and2030,makingallowanceforenergysavinginitiatives.Giventhatanumberofpowerplantswillbereachingtheendoftheirservicelife,600GWeofnewplantswouldhavetobebuilttoincreaseoutputby330GWeoverthisperiod.
OnthebasisoftheprojectedannualincreaseinthedemandforelectricityinFrancepublishedbytheDGEMP*,consumptionwillincreaseby140TWhbetween2002and2020;thisincreasemeansaneedofanadditionalgenerationcapacityof 18GWeused withautilizationrateof90%.Theserequirementscannotbemetonlybyextendingtheuseofrenewableenergies.
*DGEMP :
GeneralDirectorateforEnergyandRawMaterialsoftheMinistryforIndustry,EconomyandFinance,whoseroleistoprepareandimplementFrance'spolicyforenergyandthesupplyofrawmaterials
Energysourcesthatcomplementeachother
Allenergysourceshavetheiruses;ratherthanbeingincompetition,theycomplementeachother,andallhavetheirownparticularitiesthatmakethemusefulinspecificareas.
Fossilfuelsremainimportantfortransportation,chemistryandheatgenerationonanindustrialscale.Theycouldbeusedmorewidelytogenerateelectricityincountrieswhereindustrializationisinearlydevelopment,beforeenvisagingaswitchtonuclearenergy.
Theuseofsolarandwindenergyislikelytobecomemorewidespreadinsunnyandwindyareaswithscatteredpopulations.
Theseenergysourcesarecompletelydependentonweatherconditions:
forexample,windmillscanonlyoperatefor20to30%ofthetime.
Inourpartoftheworld,theyaremoresuitableforgeneratingelectricitythatisrequiredtemporarilyinadditiontothatgeneratedcontinuouslybynuclearorhydroelectricplants.
Fossilfuelsupplieswillnotlastforever-projectedoilandgassupplieswillbedwindling,afterreachingaproductionpeakinthemiddleofthiscentury.Andforallfossilfuels,especiallycoal,transportationfromtheirpointsofextractionremainsachallengingissue.
Usingnuclearpowertogenerateelectricitymeansthatfossilfuelscanbereservedforareasinwhichtheyareindispensable.
Thenuclearindustryiscompetitive
Severalstudies-publishedbetween1997and2002
(1)-,clearlyillustratethatthenuclearMWhcostcomparesfavorablywiththecheapestformofelectricitygeneratedusingfossilfuels,i.e.incombinedcyclegasplants.
Discountrateof5to10%forgeneration,andtakenaszeroforenvironmentalimpacts
Furthermore,thenuclearMWhcostisonlyslightlyaffectedbythepriceofnaturalUranium:
A10%variationinUraniumpriceresultsinavariationoflessthan0.5%intheMWhcost.Inaddition,Uraniumpriceisparticularlystable.
Conversely,thecostofMWhgeneratedusingnaturalgasiscloselylinkedtothepriceoffuel:
A10%variationingaspriceresultsinavariationofmorethan6%intheMWhcost,andthepriceofgascouldincreaseconsiderablyifthemarketscomeunderstraininthefuture.
ThecompetitivenessofnuclearpoweroverotherelectricitysourceswillbecomeincreasinglyapparentastheenvironmentalimpactofCO2andCarbonemissionsaregraduallytakenintoaccountfromaneconomicpointofview,asstipulatedbytheEuropeandirectiveregardingreleasepermits,settocomeintoforcein2005…inotherwords,verysoon.
(1)DGEMPandOECDstudies,MessrsGalleyandBatailleparliamentaryreport,reporttothePrimeMinistercarriedoutbyMessrsCharpin,PellatandDessus, Finnishstudypublishedbyessrs RissanenandTarjanne.
(2)ExternEisastudycarriedoutbyresearchersfromallthememberstatesoftheEuropeanUnionandtheUnitedStates,withthesupportoftheEUCommission,toquantifythesocialandenvironmentalcostsofelectricitygeneration.
AdvantagesoftheFrenchnuclearprogram
Franceiscurrentlyreapingthebenefitsofitsnuclearprogram
Thankstoitsnuclearenergyprogram,Franceispresentlyabletomeetonaself-sufficientbasis50%ofitsenergyrequirementscomparedto20%thirtyyearsago.
Thankstoitsnuclearenergyprogram,Franceispresentlyabletomeetonaself-sufficientbasis50%ofitsenergyrequirementscomparedto20%thirtyyearsago.
Maintainingthislevelofself-sufficiencymeans:
beinglessvulnerabletoerraticchangesinfossilfuelpricesresultingfrompoliticalinstability,
minimizingtheenergybill:
only0.9%ofGNPin1999(beforetherecentincreaseinoilprices)asopposedto5%intheearlyeighties,
guaranteeingthesupplyofelectricityatlowandstableproductioncosts,keepingourindustrymorecompetitive.
Furthermore,thankstoourcomprehensiveexpertiseinnucleartechnology, ourcountryowns ahighly-skilledworkforceandexportsitsproductsandknow-howworldwide.
Controlledreleaseofgreenhousegases
Controlledreleaseofgreenhousegases
Nuclearpowerplantsdonotproduceanygreenhousegases,dustparticlesorchemicalsubstancesthatpollutetheatmosphereandsotheyrisetooneofthemajorchallengesofthiscentury,namelyprotectingtheenvironment.
Thechallengeofenvironmentalprotectionisenormous,giventheordersofmagnitudeinvolved,with"savings"ofhundredsofmillionsofmetrictonsofCO2tobeachievedforEuropealone.Thefiguresbelowshowtheextenttowhichnuclearpowerplantscanreducegreenhousegasemissions.
CO2 emissionsperinhabitantin2002(t/inhabitant)
EDF'sfleetofpowerplants,whichismainlyconstitutedofnuclearandhydraulicunits,releases,onaverage,eighttimeslessCO2perkWhgeneratedthanalltheotherplantsintherestoftheEuropeanUnion,mostofwhichburnfossilfuels*.
TheEPR:
theadvancedreactor
TheEuropeanpessurizedwaterreactor
TheEPR(EuropeanPressurizedwaterReactor)isbasedonlongprovenpressurizedwaterreactor(PWR)technology,asareallthereactorscurrentlyoperatedbyEDF.ItusesUraniumoxidefuelslightlyenrichedinU235upto5%,ormixedUraniumandPlutoniumoxidefuel(MOX).Itsnetelectricalpowerisintherangeof1600MWe.
TofindoutmoreabouthowaPWRworks:
Howapressurizedwaterreactorworks?
InaPWR,thepressurizedwaterintheprimarysystemisusedasamoderatortoslowdowntheneutrons,allowinganuclearreactiontooccurinthecore,andtotransfertheheatgeneratedduringthereactiontothesteamgenerators.
TheEPRhasfoursteamgenerators-oneforeachofthefourheatremovalloopscomposingtheprimarysystem.Steamgeneratorsare heatexchangers.Ontheirprimaryside,theyreceiveheatfromthenuclearreactor,andontheirsecondaryside,theydeliverheattothenonnuclearpartofthefacility(thereisaleak-tightseparationbetweentheprimaryandsecondarysidesofthesteamgenerators).Thatsecondaryheatproducessteamtopowertheturbinegeneratorwhichinturngenerateselectricity.
Ithasthefollowingadvantagesoveritspredecessors:
itsperformancelevelhavebeengreatlyimproved,resultinginincreasedcompetitiveness,
itincludesaconsiderablenumberofadvancedtechnologicalfeaturesthatmakeitextremelysafe,
operationandmaintenancearesimplified,
itprovidessolutionstosustainabledevelopmentissues,notablybygeneratinglesswasteandeffluents.
Themaincharacteristicsofthe EPR:
*Averageburnupofthefuelreloads
TheEPR,apressingdecision
Commissioningofnewplantsdesignedtoreplacetheretiringplantswillhavetobeginaround2020inFrance.Theoldestplantscurrentlyinoperationwillbereachingtheendoftheirservicelifearoundthistime.
Giventhestrategicimportanceofreplacement,thedecisiontostartbuildinganewseriesofplants,whichwillhavetobetakenin2015,willrequirethebackingofatleastthreeyears'operatingfeedbackfromareferenceplant:
a"Pilot".
Thatpilotwillthereforehavetobecommissionedin2011.
Giventhetimerequiredtocompletelayoutstudies,constructionandtesting,2011isjustaroundthecorner!
Nuclearenergyguaranteessecurityofsupplyandstablecostsandhasarightfulplaceintheenergy"mix"ofthe21stcentury,wheresustainabledevelopmentisamajorissue.
TheEPRistheEuropeansolution:
itissafe,reliable,competitiveandenvironmentally-friendly,meetstherequirementsoftheSafetyAuthoritiesandlivesuptotheexpectationsofelectricalutilities.
TheEPRisreadytobebuilt.
Buildingapilotinthenearfuturewouldmean:
enablingFrance andtherestofEuropetocontinuecontrollingtheirenergyoptions;
increasingthesafetyandcompetitivenessofexistingplants,andbeingreadytoreplacethemwhenthetimecomes;
confirmingandstrengtheningourindustry'spositionasaninternationalleader,andperpetuatin
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