英国文学期末资料.docx
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英国文学期末资料.docx
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英国文学期末资料
RomanticEnglishLiterature(1798-1832)
I.HistoricalBackground
TheRomanticMovement:
negativeattitudetowardstheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditions.
EnglishRomanticism:
Time:
1798-1832
Core---reactionagainstneoclassicism
1798:
thepublicationofLyricalBallads
(WilliamWordsworth,S.T.Coleridge)
1832:
thedeathofSirWalterScott;
thepassageoftheReformBill
Manifesto---LyricalBallads<抒情歌谣集>
Why:
①TheFrenchRevolution②TheIndustrialRevolution
①FrenchRevolution
thestormingofBastille-symboloffeudalism
Watchwords:
Liberty,Equality,andFraternity
Jean-JacquesRousseau:
glorifyhumannature;claimforsocialdemocracyresponseinBritain
EdmundBurke:
denouncetherevolution
ThomasPaine:
fightagainsttyranny
②Industrialrevolution
---increasingmerchanization;developmentofindustry
---economicdepression
---disparitybetweentherichandthepoor
---Ludditeriots(卢德暴动):
workers’disturbances
TheReformBill<改革法案>(1832)
II.CulturalBackground
Romanticism:
Amovementthatflourishedinliterature,philosophy,music,andartinWesterncultureduringmostofthe19thcentury,beginningasarevoltagainstclassicism.TherehavebeenmanyvarietiesofRomanticisminmanydifferenttimesandplaces.ManyoftheideasofEnglishRomanticismwerefirstexpressedbythepoetsWilliamWordsworthandSamuelColeridge.
CharacteristicsofRomanticism:
Imagination.IdealizationofNature.Individualism.Glorificationofthecommonplace.Thelureoftheexotic
1.Imagination:
Manisallimagination,Godismanandexists
inusandweinhim…Allthingsexistinthe
humanimagination.(WilliamBlake)
Imagination:
thesupremefacultyofthemind(dynamicandactive)
Imaginationcanchangeandcreate
Imaginationcanunifydifferentelementsintoacomplexwhole.
Letusgothen,youandI.
Whentheeveningisspreadoutagainstthesky
Likeapatientetherizeduponatable;…”(T.S.Eliot)
让我们一道去吧,你和我,
当黄昏迎天伸展
像个麻醉在手术桌上的病号;
Example:
KublaKhan<忽必烈汗>(Coleridge)
Itisaboutadreamthepoethadoneevening.
KublanKhanisthegreatemperorintheYuanDynasty.
Suggestedpoems:
WilliamBlake:
“TheTyger”
S.T.Coleridge:
“TheRimeoftheAncientMariner”<古舟子咏>)
2.IdealizationofNature
Yethavingfeltthepowerofnature,bythegentle
agencyofnaturalobjects,ledmeontofeelthe
passionsthatwerenotmyown.(Wordsworth)
Differentperspectivesaboutnature:
--ahealingpower;
--asourceofsubjectandimage;
--arefugefromtheartificialconstructsof
civilization.
Describingnaturalphenomena
Capturing“sensuousnuance”
Naturepoetry:
oneofmeditation
Example:
“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”
Iwanderedlonelyasacloud
Thatfloatsonhigho’ervalesandhills,
WhenallatonceIsawacrowd,
Ahost,ofgoldendaffodils,
Besidethelake,beneaththetrees,
Flutteringanddancinginthebreeze.
独自漫游似浮云,
青山翠谷上飘荡;
一刹那瞥见一丛丛、
一簇簇水仙金黄;
树荫下,明湖边,
和风吹拂舞翩跹。
Foroft,whenonmycouchIlie
Invacantorinpensivemood,
Theyflashuponthatinwardeye
Whichistheblissofsolitude;
Andthenmyheartwithpleasurefills,
Anddanceswiththedaffodils.
兀自倚榻憩息,
岑寂,悠然冥想;
目地花影闪心扉,
蓦处方能神往;
衷心喜悦洋溢,
伴水仙,舞不息。
Suggestedpoem:
WilliamWordsworth:
“TinternAbbey”<丁登寺杂咏>
3.Individualism
Imustcreatemyownsystemorbeenslavedby
anotherman’s.(WilliamBlake)
Middleages:
emphasizeonGod;manlivedchieflyforthefutureworld
Renaissanceperiod:
manisthecenterofallconcern;emphasizedonthedignityofmanandtheimportanceofthepresentlife
Enlightenment:
sawmanassocialman;thegeneraloruniversalcharacteristicsofhumanbehaviorweremoresuitablesubjectmatter
Romanticism:
Sawmanasanindividualinthesolitarystate
Emphasizedthespecialqualitiesofeachindividual’smind
“IamnotmadelikeanyoneIhaveseen;IdarebelievethatIamnotmadelikeanyoneinexistence.IfIamnotsuperior,atleastIamdifferent.”(Rousseau)
Valuetheexplorationandevaluationoftheinnerself
Aprominenceoffirst-personlyricpoem
“I”–thedirectpersonofthepoet
example:
Prelude(Wordsworth)
Achangeofdirectionfromattentiontotheouterworldofsocialcivilizationtotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit
Suggestedpoems:
Wordsworth:
Prelude<序曲>
Byron:
ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage<恰尔德·哈罗德游记>
4.Glorificationofthecommonplace
IhavewishedtokeeptheReaderinthe
companyoffleshandblood.(Wordsworth)
Materials:
thecommonplace,thenatural,thesimple
Commonincidentsandsituations
Naturaldictionandlanguage
Suggestedpoem:
Wordsworth:
“TheSolitaryReaper”<孤独的割麦女>
5.Thelureoftheexotic
Expandedtheimaginaryhorizonsspatiallyandchronologically:
--theMiddleAges
--imagesofdistantplaces
Allowfreeplaytothesupernatural
Suggestedpoems:
Byron:
ChildeHarold’sPilgrimage
Keats:
“TheEveofSt.Agnes”<圣爱尼节前夕>
Coleridge:
KublaKhan<忽必烈汗>
III.LiteraryFeatures
Romanticism–arevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicismreason
Inthefollowing,let’scompareRomanticliteraturewiththeliteratureintheEnlightenmentperiod,soyoucanhaveaclearideaofthefeaturesofRomanticliterature:
EnlightenmentRomanticism
Socialrealitynature
Realisticimaginative
Reason&scienceindividualism
Presenttime&spacemedieval/oriental
Order/rulesfreedom
TwoDistinctivegroupsofRomanticPoets
---Lakers(thefirstgeneration)湖畔派诗人
Wordsworth,Coleridge,Southey
---Revolutionarypoets(thesecondgeneration)
Byron,Shelley,Keats
FeaturesofRepresentativeRomanticpoets:
Wordsworth---theworldofsimple,naturalthings,inthecountrysideoramongthepeople
Coleridge---thestrange,theexotic,themysterious
Byron---revoltagainstsociety
---aprototypeofromantichero,“Byronichero”
Shelley---theexternaltyrannyisthemainenemy
---inherenthumangoodnesswilleliminateevilfromtheworldandusherinaneternalreignoflove
Keats---aresponsetosensuousimpressions
---loveofnatureandart,acompassionforhumanity
FeaturesofthetwoNovelists
---JaneAusten:
loveandmarriage
---WalterScott:
historicalnovels
Prose
---newspapers,magazines,andperiodicals
---Lamb,Hazlitt,DeQuincey
1.PoeticPrinciplesofWordsworth
---“Allgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelingsfromemotionsrecollectedintranquility.”
好的诗歌是诗人强烈情感的自然流露,是平静中回忆起来的情感。
---"Poetryisthebreathandfinerspiritofallknowledge;itistheimpassionedexpressionwhichisinthecountenanceofallScience."(fromLyricalBallads,2nded.,1800)
Accordingtothesubjectmatters,Wordsworth’sshortpoemscanbedividedintotwogroups:
thepoemsofnatureandthepoemsabouthumanlife.Heisapoetofnatureandamasterhandinsearchingandrevealingthefeelingsofthecommonpeople.
“aworshipperofnature”
Commonlife---theonlysubjectofliteraryinterest
---Wordsworth“endeavoredtobringlanguageneartothereallanguageofman”.
Poeticcareer
LyricalBallads(1798)《抒情歌谣集》
---simplelanguage
---sympathywiththepoor
---fusionofnaturaldescriptionwith
expressionsofinwardstatesofmind
“Lucy”poems(1799)露西组诗
---harmonybetweenhumanityandnature
MostofthemwerecomposedinGermany.
TheidentityofLucy:
OnesayingisthatLucywasWordsworth’slove—PeggyHutchinson;theothersayingwasthatLucywasWordsworth’sownsisterDorothy.
ThePrelude(1805-1806)《序曲》
---spiritualrecordofhismindandhisphilosophyoflife
Thelongworkdescribedthepoet'sloveofnatureandhisownplaceintheworldorder.
Wordsworth’sContribution
(1)Heformulatedinhispoemsanewattitudetowardnature;
(2)heprobeddeeplyintohisownsensibilitythe“growthofapoet’smind’;
(3)heplacedpoetryatthecentreofhumanexperience“thefirstandlastofallknowledge—itisasimmortalastheheartofman”.
IWanderedLonelyasaCloud(1804)
Glossary
Vales:
valleys
Flutter:
moveupanddownorfromsidetoside
Twinkle:
shinefrombrighttofaint
Sprightly:
cheerful,active
Glee:
delight
Jocund:
merry,cheerful
Oft:
often
Vacant:
thoughtless
pensive:
melancholy,sadlythoughtful
Analysis:
Thelaststanzadescribesthekindofrecollectionintranquilityfromwhichthispoemarose,twoyearsaftertheoriginalexperience,whichDorothyWordsworthdescribedinherGrasmereJournalsforApr.15,1802.
此诗是根据诗人兄妹俩1802年一起外出游玩时深深地被大自然的妩媚所吸引这一经历写成的.该诗体现了诗歌应该描写“平静中回忆起来的情感”这一诗学主张.
–DorothyWordsworth,TheGrasmereJournal,Thursday,15April1802
WhenwewereinthewoodsbeyondGowbarrowPark,wesawafewdaffodilsclosetothewaterside.Wefanciedthatthelakehadfloatedtheseedashoreandthatthelittlecolonyhadsosprungup.Butaswewentalongthereweremoreandmoreandatlastundertheboughsofthetrees,wesawthattherewasalongbeltofthemalongtheshore,aboutthebreadthofacountryturnpikeroad.
Ineversawdaffodilssobeautifultheygrewamongthemossystonesaboutandaboutthem,somerestedtheirheadsuponthesestonesasonapillowforwearinessandtheresttossedandreeledanddancedandseemedasiftheyverilylaughedwiththewindthatblewuponthemoverthelake,theylookedsogayeverdancingeverchanging.
Thiswindblewdirectlyoverthelaketothem.Therewashereandtherealittleknotandafewstragglersafewyardshigherupbuttheyweresofewasnottodisturbthesimplicityandunityandlifeofthatonebusyhighway.Werestedagainandagain.TheBayswerestormy,andweheardthewavesatdifferentdistancesandinthemiddleofthewaterlikethesea.
Analysis
Theme:
Topraisethebeautifulgoldendaffodilsandexpressthepoet’saestheticview:
hepursuesakindofsolitarybeauty.
Rhymescheme:
ababcc
Rhythm:
iambictetramet
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