软件工程重点总结.docx
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软件工程重点总结.docx
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软件工程重点总结
软件工程复习重点总结
1.(P-2)
Analysis:
decomposealargeproblemintosmaller,understandablepieces,(一个大问题分解成更小的、可以理解部分)abstractionisthekey
Synthesis:
build(compose)softwarefromsmallerbuildingblocks,(生成撰写软件从较小的构造块)compositionischallenging
2SoftwareEngineeringSolvingProblems(continued):
(P-4)
method:
referstoaformalprocedure(指的是一个正式的程序)
tool:
aninstrumentorautomatedsystemforaccomplishingsomethinginabetterway
procedure(过程):
acombinationoftoolsandtechniquestoproduceaproduct(工具和技术来生产一种产品的组合)
paradigm(范例):
philosophyorapproachforbuildingaproduct
3.(P-6)
Afault:
occurswhenahumanmakesamistake,calledanerror,inperformingsomesoftwareactivities(在执行某些软件活动);
Afailure:
isadeparture(偏差)fromthesystem’srequiredbehaviour;
Errorcanleadtofault;faultcanleadtofailure。
4.participatesinaproject:
(P-15)
Customer:
thecompany,organization,orpersonwhopaysforthesoftwaresystem
Developer:
thecompany,organization,orpersonwhoisbuildingthesoftwaresystem
User:
thepersonorpeoplewhowillactuallyusethesystem
5.Activitiesandobjects(P-16)
–Anactivityisaneventinitiatedbyatrigger(活动是由一个触发器的事件)
–Objectsorentitiesaretheelementsinvolvedintheactivities(Objects或实体是要素参与活动的)
6.Relationshipsandthesystemboundaries(P-17)
–Arelationshipdefinestheinteractionamongentitiesandactivities(A关系定义实体和活动的相互作用)
–Systemboundariesdeterminetheoriginofinputanddestinationsoftheoutput(边界确定输入的来源与目的地的输出)
7.asystemasacollectionofthings:
(P-17)
asetofentities(一组实体),asetofactivities,adescriptionoftherelationshipsamongentitiesandactivitiesandadefinitionofthesystem.
8.Thedevelopmentofsoftwareincludesthefollowingactivities(P-24)
•Requirementsanalysisanddefinition
•Systemdesign
•Programdesign
•Writingtheprograms
•Unittesting
•Integrationtesting
•Systemtesting
•Systemdelivery
•Maintenance
9.developerroles(P-26)
Analyst
Designer
Programmer
Tester
Trainer
10.(P-45)
Aprocess:
aseriesofstepsinvolvingactivities,constrains,andresourcesthatproduceanintendedoutputofsomekind(一系列步骤涉及活动,受到了限制,及资源,产生一预期的输出)
Aprocessinvolvesasetoftoolsandtechniques
11.(P-46)
Softwarelifecycle:
Implementation,delivery,use,andmaintenance(实施、发布、使用及维修)
Whenaprocessinvolvesbuildingasoftware,theprocessmaybereferredtoassoftwarelifecycle
–Requirementsanalysisanddefinition
–System(architecture)design
–Program(detailed/procedural)design
–Writingprograms(coding/implementation)
–Testing:
unit,integration,system
–Systemdelivery(deployment)
–Maintenance
12.softwareprocessmodels:
(P-48)
Waterfallmodel
Vmodel
Prototypingmodel(原型化)
Operationalspecificationmodel
Transformationalmodel(转化)
Phaseddevelopment(阶段化开发):
incrementsanditerations(反复递增)
Spiralmodel(螺旋模型)
Agilemethods(敏捷方法)
13.Prototypingisusefulforverification(确认)andvalidation(验证)(P-51)
14.Elementsofaprocessareviewedintermsofseventypes(P-64)
–Activity
–Sequence
–Processmodel过程模型
–Resource
–Control
–Policy
–Organization
15.Projectschedule(P-83)
Describesthesoftware-developmentcycleforaparticularprojectby
enumeratingthephasesorstagesoftheproject(枚举阶段或项目的阶段)
breakingeachphaseintodiscretetasksoractivitiestobecompleted(每个阶段分成离散任务或活动,以完成)
Portrays(描绘)theinteractions(相互影响)amongtheactivitiesandestimates(估算)thetimesthateachtaskoractivitywilltake
16.Activityandmilestone(P-83)
Activity:
takesplaceoveraperiodoftime
Milestone:
completionofanactivity--aparticularpointintime
17.CriticalPathMethod(CPM)(P--87)
见作业
18.Keyactivitiesrequiringpersonnel(P-95)
requirementsanalysis
systemdesign
programdesign
programimplementation(实现,执行)
testing
training
maintenance
qualityassurance(保证)
19.risk(P—119)
isanunwantedeventthathasnegativeconsequences(消极结果)
20.Riskimpact(影响):
(P--120)
thelossassociatedwiththeevent与该事件关联的损失
Riskprobability(概率):
thelikelihoodthattheeventwilloccur事件发生的可能性
Riskcontrol(控制):
thedegreetowhichwecanchangetheoutcome我们可以更改结果的程度
Quantify(量化)theeffectofrisks:
Riskexposure=(riskprobability)x(riskimpact)
21.Riskmanagement:
(P--121)
riskassessment(评估)
riskcontrol
22.(P--143)
Arequirement:
isanexpressionofdesiredbehaviour是所需行为的表达式
Arequirementdealswith:
objectsorentities,thestatestheycanbein,andthefunctionsthatareperformedtochangestatesorobjectcharacteristics
23.ProcessforCapturingRequirements(P--144)
Elicitation(引入)
Analysis
Specification
Validation(验证)
////构成了softwarerequirementsspecification(说明书)
24.functionalrequirement(P---148)
describesrequiredbehaviorintermsofrequiredactivitie描述所需的活动所需的行为s
Qualityrequirementornonfunctionalrequirement
describessomequalitycharacteristicthatthesoftwaremustpossess(拥有)
Designconstraint(约束):
adesigndecisionsuchaschoiceofplatformorinterfacecomponents设计的平台或界面组件如选择决策
Processconstraint:
arestrictiononthetechniquesorresourcesthatcanbeusedtobuildthesystem
对技术或可用于构建系统的资源限制
25.Prioritizationmightseparaterequirementsintothreecategories(P--152)
Essential(基本):
absolutelymustbemet绝对需要满足的需求
Desirable(合意):
highlydesirablebutnotnecessary非常理想,但不必须的
Optional(可选):
possiblebutcouldbeeliminated但可能被淘汰
26.Requirementsdefinition:
(P--154)
acompletelistingofeverythingthecustomerwantstoachieve完整列表的客户希望实现的一切
Describingtheentitiesintheenvironmentwherethesystemwillbeinstalled
描述在将安装在系统环境中的实体
Requirementsspecification:
restates(重申)therequirementsasaspecificationofhowtheproposed(提出)systemshallbehave
27.ERdiagramhavethreecoreconstructs(P--158)ER图表有三个核心构造
Anentity:
depictedasarectangle,representsacollectionofreal-worldobjectsthathavecommonpropertiesandbehaviors描述为一个的矩形表示一个实际的对象的集合具有公共属性和行为
Arelationship:
depictedasanedgebetweentwoentities,withdiamondinthemiddleoftheedgespecifying(指定)thetypeofrelationship描述为一个两个实体之间的边缘
Anattribute:
anannotation(注解)onanentitythatdescribesdataorpropertiesassociatedwiththeentity描述数据或与该实体相关联的属性的实体上的注释
28.(P--172)
Adata-flowdiagram(DFD)modelsfunctionalityandtheflowofdatafromonefunctiontoanother数据流关系图DFD模型的功能和数据到另一个函数的流
–Abublerepresentsaprocess一个buble表示一个流程
–Anarrowrepresentsdataflow一个箭头表示数据流量
–Adatastore:
aformalrepository(仓库)ordatabaseofinformation
–Rectanglesrepresentactors:
entitiesthatprovideinputdataorreceivetheoutputresult矩形表示参与者:
实体提供输入的数据或接收输出结果
–
29.(P--223)
Design:
isthecreativeprocessoftransformingtheproblemintoasolution
Thedescriptionofasolutionisalsoknownasdesign
是创造过程的问题转化为解决方案的描述称为设计
30.Designisatwo-partinteractiveprocess(P—224)
–Conceptualdesign(systemdesign)(概念性设计)
–Technicaldesign(技术性设计)
–
31.(P—228)
Modulesorcomponents:
组件
compositepartsofdesign
Asystemismodularwhen
–eachactivityofthesystemisperformedbyexactlyonecomponent活动的系统由一个组件执行
–inputsandoutputsofeachcomponentarewell-defined
•allinputstoitareessentialtoitsfunction输入其功能至关重要
•alloutputsareproducedbyoneofitsactions输出由其动作之一制作
32.ArchitecturalStylesandStrategiesThreeDesignLevels:
(P—229)
Architecture(系统结构)
Codedesign
Executabledesign(执行设计)
33.ArchitecturalStylesandStrategiesDesignStyles(P—230)
Pipesandfilters(管道/过滤器)
Object-orienteddesign
Implicitinvocation(隐式调用)
Layering(分层设计)
Repositories(数据仓库)
Interpreters(解释器)
Processcontrol(过程控制)
Client-server(客户/服务器)
34.Componentindependence(P--248)
Coupling(耦合度)
Cohesion(内聚度)
Highlycoupledwhenthereisagreatdealofdependencies
Looselycoupledcomponentshavesomedependency,buttheinterconnectionsamongcomponentsareweak(大多数采用松散)
Uncoupledcomponentshavenointerconnectionsatall
35.Wecanmeasurecouplingalongarangeofdependence(P--249)
CharacteristicsofGoodDesignCoupling:
TypesofCoupling
Content(内容)coupling
Common(公共)coupling
Control(控制)coupling
Stamp(标记)coupling
Data(数据)coupling
36.Exceptionscanbehandledinoneofthreeways:
(P—255)异常处理
–Retry(重试)
–Correct(更正)
–Report(报告)
37.programcomponentinvolvesatleastthreemajoraspect:
(P---340)
Controlstructures,algorithms,anddatastructure
38.makingthecodeefficiency(效率)mayhavehiddencosts(代价)(P--342)
–costtowritethecodefaster
–costtotestthecode
–costtounderstandthecode
–costtomodifythecode
39.SoftwareFaultsandFailurestypesofFaults(P--367)软件故障及故障的类型的故障
Algorithmicfault算法
Computationandprecisionfault计算和精度
Documentationfault
Stressoroverloadfaults
Capacityorboundaryfaults容量边界
Timingorcoordinationfaults(协调)
Throughput(吞吐量)orPerformancefaults
Recoveryfault恢复故障
Hardwareandsystemsoftwarefault
Standardsandproceduresfault
40.TestingOrganization(P—371.)
Moduletesting,componenttesting,orunittesting(单元测试)
Integrationtesting(集成测试)
Thenextstepisensuringthattheinterfacesamongthecomponentsaredefinedandhandledproperly.
Performancetesting(性能测试)
Comparesthesystemwiththeremainderofthesesoftwareanhardwarerequirements.
41.Testingsteps(P--372)
42.IntegrationTesting集成测试(P--390)具体实例见作业
Bottom-up(自底向上)
Mergingcomponentstotestthelargersystem
Top-down(自顶向下)
Big-bang(大棒)
Sandwichtesting(多层结构测试)
Modifiedtop-down(改性自上而下)
Modifiedsandwich(改性多层结构测试)
43.PrinciplesofSystemTestingRegressionTestingSteps(P—425)系统测试回归测试步骤的原则
•Insertingthenewcode
•Testingfunctionsknowntobeaffectedbythenewcode
•Testingessentialfunctionofmtoverifythattheystillworkproperly整体
•Continu
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