美国内战与重建美国内战与重建transcript08.docx
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美国内战与重建美国内战与重建transcript08.docx
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美国内战与重建美国内战与重建transcript08
CivilWarandReconstruction:
Lecture8Transcript
February7,2008
< ProfessorDavidBlight: Onthe4thofJuly,1854,inanoutdoorparkinFramingham,Massachusetts,whichisfifteen,twentymileswestofBoston,WilliamLloydGarrisonandtheMassachusettsAnti-SlaverySocietybuiltastage.Theyhadahugeturnout.AndGarrisonandhisgroupperformedanactofabolitionisttheater.AnthonyBurnshadjustbeenreturnedtoslaveryinVirginia.TheKansas-NebraskaActhadjustbeenpassedinthemonthofMay.Behindhim,onthestage--ahugearray--wasfirsttheinsigniaoftheStateofVirginia,thenaninsigniaoftheStateofMassachusetts,abannerononesidethatread"RedeemMassachusetts."Hangingfromthatsignwassomethinglabeled"thecrepeofservitude"--nothingverysubtleaboutthis.Andtwoflagswereonothersideoftherostrum,onelabeledKansasandtheotherlabeledNebraska,andbehindGarrisonwasaverylargeUnitedStatesflag,upsidedown. Now,thiswaspoliticaltheater,directedbyamanwho,asyouwillremember,denouncedpoliticalparties,saidthatparticipationinpoliticalpartieswascomplicitywithslavery.Garrisonfirstreadfromscripture--OldTestament,Deuteronomy.Thenheproceededto,inthreesegments,toburndocuments.HefirstheldupinhishandwhathesaidwasacopyofTheFugitiveSlaveAct,whichheburnedinhishandwithalightedmatch,threwtheashesonthefloor,stompedontheashes,andthecrowdshouted"Amen."Thenheheldinhishandsthedocumentsfortherendition--hesaiditwasacopyofthedocumentfortherenditionofAnthonyBurns,returningBurnsasafugitiveslavetoVirginia.Heburnedthat,threwtheashesonthefloor,stompedonthem,andthecrowdshouted"Amen."ThenhepulledoutacopyoftheUnitedStatesConstitution,whichheannounced--ashehadannouncedmanytimesoverinhisnewspaper,TheLiberator--hecalledita,quote,"covenantwithdeath,anagreementwithHell,soperishallcompromiserswithtyranny."Heburneditfamously,orinfamously,stompedontheashesalloverthestage,andthecrowdshouted"Amen." TheKansas-NebraskaActhadfuelledapoliticalfervorthatnowcouldneverbebottledupagain,itcouldneverbeputbackonitsshelf.Why? WhywasthatKansas-NebraskaActsotroublesome? LetmepickthatupwhereIleftyouofftheotherday.Nowremember,theKansas-NebraskaActhadtwosimpleresolutions,althoughitcameaboutthroughaheighteningprocess.Thefirstwasthatitexplicitlyrepealedthe36º30'parallel,orMissouriCompromiseline,whatNortherners--anti-slaveryabolitionistoreven,insomecases,hardly-aware-of-slaveryNortherners--hadalwaysreferredasthe,quote,"sacredpledge."Thatsacredpledgewasnowthirty-fouryearsold.EverybodyintheUnitedStatesCongresshadgrownupwithit.Itwasatemplate,itwasanassumption;notunlikeyoucouldnamecertaingreatresolutionsorassumptionsthatbecamealmoststandardpartsofAmericanpoliticalculture,perhapsinyourlifetime,certainlyinmylifetime.CertainaspectsoftheNewDeal,wethought,werebasicAmericanpoliticalassumptions--likeSocialSecurity,butrecentlythatonegotchallenged.Youcouldthinkofothers.TherighttocollectivebargainingoutoftheWagnerActinthe1930s.Youcanthinkofothers.SomewouldsayRoevWade,somewouldsayaffirmativeaction,somewouldsayotheraspectsofourpoliticalculturebornofthe1960s.Somewouldsaythe'64CivilRightsAct,etcetera. TheMissouriCompromiseLine,aspeopleimaginedthisslaveryquestionintheWest,hadbeenseenbyNorthernersas,quote,"asacredpledge."Thatwasnowrepealedexplicitlyinthisverysectionalized,dividedvoteintheKansas-NebraskaActtosetuptheKansas-NebraskaTerritories.Thesecondpart,was,ofcourse,adeclarationthatanystateproduced,createdfromKansasandNebraskawouldbecreatedonaprincipleofpopularsovereignty.Therewouldbeapopularreferendumatsomestageintheterritorialprocess,tobeworkedoutlater.ItpassedtheU.S.Senatethirty-seventofourteen.That'singreatpartbecausetheKansas-NebraskaActbecameanabsolutetestofDemocraticPartyloyalty,whichStephenDouglasdemanded.Hedidn'tgetallDemocratstosupportitbuthegotmostofthem.AndtheWhigParty,by1864,inwhatwasstillafledglingtwo-partysystem,nowgreatlychallengedbyathirdpartycalledtheAmericanParty,orknownmoreeuphemisticallyastheKnow-Nothingparty,orknownmoredirectlyastheNativistParty--moreonthatinamoment--isreallychallengingthattwo-partysystem. ButitwasthatvoteintheHousethatIshowedyouonagraphictheotherdaythattellsyouthestory.ItpassedtheHouseofRepresentatives113to110,inahighlysectionalizedvote.NinetypercentofallSoutherners,onKansas-Nebraska,votedforit;sixtyfourpe
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