Interpreting Idioms谚语翻译.docx
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Interpreting Idioms谚语翻译.docx
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InterpretingIdioms谚语翻译
InterpretingIdioms
BothEnglishandChineseareparticularlyrichinidioms.Idiomsaresovivid,terse,colloquial,andforcibleinconveyingaparticularmeaningthattheyarefrequentlyusedbyspeakersofbothlanguages.ChineseandEnglishidiomscameintobeingunderdifferenthistorical,geographical,culturalandsocialbackgrounds,sotheycontaindifferentstoriesreflectingdifferentenvironment,life,history,cultureandvaluesofthenativespeakers.Itissurelynoeasythingtounderstandidioms,letaloneinterpretthemoff-handed.Onecanhardlyexpecttoprovideasatisfactoryrenditionofanidiomunlessheisguidedbythecorrectmethodand,atthesametime,managestogetanaccurateunderstandingofitsimpliedmeaningthroughitssurfacestructureaccordingtothecontext.
1.DefinitionofIdioms
Idiomscanbeunderstoodbothinabroadsenseandinanarrowone.Inthenarrowsense,theysimplyrefertothesetphrasesorclausesusedinalanguage.Broadlyspeaking,theycomprisealltheidiomaticandspecialexpressionsinthatlanguage,including,inthiscontext,allthesetphrases,colloquialisms,proverbs,slangandclichésinEnglish,andallthefour-charactersetphrases(成语),commonsayings(俗语),proverbsandtwo-partallegoricalsayings(歇后语)(ofwhichthefirstpartisdescriptiveandthesecondpartcarriesthemessage)inChinese.Itistheirbroadsensethatwearediscussinginthisunit.Hence,anidiomcanbedefinedasagroupofwordswithmeaningdifferentfromthecombinedmeaningsofitscomponentwords.Itisacombinationoftwoormorewordswhichareusuallystructurallyfixedandsemanticallyhardtounderstand,andfunctionasasingleunitofmeaning.Forexample,“redtape”isanEnglishidiomwhichmeans“officialrulesandproceduresthatseemunnecessaryandcausedelay.”Butonecanhardlyguessitsmeaningfromtheindividualwordsthatformit,forthesewordshavealreadylosttheiroriginalmeaning.
Anidiomaticexpressionisanestablishedformthathasbeenacceptedbytraditionalusage.Thewordsinitcannot,asarule,bedepletedorreplacedbysynonymouswords,orputinadifferentorder,withoutaffectingordestroyingthemeaning.Therefore,thecomponentwords,thewordorderandthemeaningofeachidiommustberememberedasawhole.
2.MethodsofInterpretingIdioms
2.1.Borrowing(借用法)orIdiomforIdiom(以习语译习语)
Aswementionedpreviously,bothChineseandEnglishaboundinidioms.Someidiomsinonelanguagecontainimages,descriptionsandmeaningsidenticaltoidiomsintheotherlanguage.Thisisbecausecertainnaturalandhumanexperiencesaresharedbythewholemankindwherevertheylive.Therearealsoidiomsthatexpressthesamemeaningsthoughtheydon’thaveidenticalmetaphorsorimages.Inbothcases,wemightaswellborrowthemdirectlyfromthetargetlanguagesoastoretaintheirvividnessandachieveequivalenceineffect.Forexample:
一箭双雕(一举两得)
混水摸鱼fishintroubledwater
三思而后行Lookbeforeyouleap.
有志者,事竟成。
无风不起浪。
Thereisnosmokewithoutfire.
饥不择食Hungrydogswilleatdirtypuddings.
一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳。
Aburntchilddreadsfire./Oncebitten,twiceshy.
滴水穿石Constantdrippingwearsthestone.
破釜沉舟toburnone’sboat
隔墙有耳Wallshaveears.
积少成多Manyalittlemakesamickle.
一言既出,驷马难追Whatissaidcannotbeunsaid.
谋事在人,成事在天。
Manproposes,goddisposes.
既往不咎 Letbygonesbebygones.
有钱能使鬼推磨。
Moneymakesmarego;moneytalks.
一寸光阴一寸金。
Thespiritiswillingbutthefleshisweak.
Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.
Twoheadsarebetterthanone.
Givehimaninchandhewilltakeanell.
Justicehaslongarms.
Oncebitten,twiceshy.
Betterbetheheadofadogthanthetailofalion.
tokillthegoosethatlaysgoldeneggs
Strikewhiletheironishot.
tofishintheair
Don’twashyourdirtylineninpublic.
Allgoodthingsmustcometoanend.
Afallintothepit,againinyourwit.
2.2直译(literaltranslation)。
Literaltranslationmeansword-for-wordrendition,bringingthewholeimageintothetargetlanguage.Thisapproachisusedwhentheimagecontainedinanidiomcanbeeasilyunderstoodbythespeakersofthetargetlanguage.(但是要特别注意译出来必须是不会产生歧义的,否则会适得其反,就不如意译了。
)Forexample:
良药苦口利于病,忠言逆耳利于行。
Goodmedicineisbitterinthemouth,butgoodforthedisease;good-intendedwordsoffendtheear,butgoodfortheconduct.
远水救不了近火。
Distantwatercannotputoutnearbyfire.
易如反掌
鼠目寸光 seenofartherthanone’snose
君子动口不动手
武装到牙齿
引狼入室headwolftothehouse
以牙还牙
千里之行,始于足下Athousand-lijourneyisstartedbytakingthefirststep.
削足适履tocutthefeettofittheshoes
血浓于水Bloodisthickerthanwater.
玩火playwithfire
摊牌toshowone’scards
2.3意译(释义)(Paraphrasingorfreetranslation)
Someidiomswhichexhibitstrongnationalorculturalcharacteristicscanneitherbehandledbyborrowingidiomsfromthetargetlanguagenortranslatedliterallybecauseitwouldcausemisunderstandingorcouldnotbeeasilyacceptedbynativespeakersoftheotherlanguage.Inthiscase,itisnecessarytoresorttoparaphrasingaccordingtothecontext.Forexample:
鹬蚌相争,渔翁得利。
一不做,二不休
心里象有十五个吊桶,七上八下
王小二过年,一年不如一年deteriorate
擀面杖吹火-----一窍不通
碰一鼻子灰
打开天窗说亮话
木已成舟,只好如此了。
不管三七二十一
小巫见大巫tobesimplynothingcomparedto…
aflyonthewheel
abullinachinashop
topaintthelily
(anarea)flowingwithmilkandhoney
2.4 Literaltranslationcombinedwithparaphrasing(直译加注法)。
Thisapproachisusedwhencertainidioms,particularlythosewithhistoricalstoriesornamesinvolved,canhardlybeunderstoodandacceptedbythelistener,andtheinterpretercannotfindtheirproperequivalentsinthetargetlanguage.Ifliteraltranslationwereused,theywouldlosetheiroriginalvividness.
灵活处理是指根据上下文的语境,参照套语已有的译法,加上自己的创造,灵活地译出原话的含义。
有几个方法可以研究:
(1)结合译法。
即将直译和意译结合起来,句子中的套语可直译的用直译,不能用直译的用意译。
如:
美国动不动就对人采取贸易制裁,其实是搬起石头砸自己的脚,到头来吃亏的还是他自己。
TheUSeasilytakestradesanctionsagainstothercountries.Infact,likeliftingarockonlytodroponitsowntoes,itistheUSthatsuffersintheend.
他们决心摆脱贫困,再也不能倒回过那牛马不如的生活。
Theyaredeterminedtogetridofpoverty,fortheywouldneverreturntotheolddayswhentheyledadog’slife.
(2)近层译法。
即先直译,后面再根据上下文的需要加上套语的释意。
如:
科学的事不能一步登天,需要艰苦的努力。
Sciencecallsforpainstaking/unremittingefforts,onecannotreachtheskyinasinglebound------attainthehighestlevelinonestep.
这事生米已煮成熟饭,不必后悔了。
Don’tberegretful,thericeisalreadycooked------whatisdonecannotbeundone.
展览是综合性的,由于参观时间短,我们只能走马观花。
Asthevisitisshortforsuchacomprehensiveexhibition,wecould,likeaChinesesayinggoes,onlylookattheflowerswhilepassingthemonhorseback------glanceoverthingshurriedly.
杀鸡给猴看tokillthechickentofrightenthemonkey----topunishsomebodyasawarningtoothers
班门弄斧toshowoffone’sskillwiththeaxebeforeLuBanthemastercarpenter-----todisplayone’sslightskillbeforeanexpert/toteachyourgrandmatosuckeggs/ toteachfishtoswim
三个臭皮匠,赛过诸葛亮。
ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedsurpassZhuGeliangthemastermind-----Twoheadsarebetterthanone.
(3)共同译法。
即原语中共同的(重复的)部分可以合并的即合并在一起翻译出来。
汉语为了加强语气,常常用同一句型,排比的结构来阐述道理,描绘事物。
口译时,可根据情况,有的可以把共同的部分合起来翻译,有的用对应方式照译。
如:
要加强对党员干部特别时领导干部的严格要求、严格管理、严格监督。
Partymembers,especiallyleadingofficials,shouldbesubjecttostrictrequirements,managementandsupervision.(也可译为:
besubjecttohighstandards,rigorousmanagementandclosesupervision.)(这句汉语的“严格”,英译时只用了一个“stricter”作为后面三个词requirements,managementandsupervision的共同的修饰语)
各级政府要把两个文明作为统一的奋斗目标,一起部署,一起落实,一起检查。
Governmentsatalllevelsshouldtakethetwoaspectsofmaterialdevelopmentandethicalandculturalprogressasaunifiedobjectiveinourendeavour,tobeplanned,implementedandexaminedtogether.
增强人们的自立意识、竞争意识、效率意识和民主法制意识
enhancethepeople’sawarenessofself-reliance,competition,efficiency,andtherulebylaw(三个“意识”,英语一个awareness)
领导干部要自重、自省、自警、自励,以身作则,言行一致。
Leadingofficialsshouldexerciseself-respect,self-reflection,self-cautionandself-encouragement,setanexampleforothers,andmatchtheirwordswithdeeds.(用对应方式照译)
(4)剖析译法。
即将该套语的语言形式剖开,将它的内在含义翻译出来。
这种方法主要用于带有数字的汉语套语。
比如“三下乡”,原指“文化、科技和医疗”。
遇到这种情况,口译时要去掉它的外壳,不用去管那个数字而把它的内容译出来,否则听者根本无法听懂。
在同一场口译中,其后遇到同一个套语,可以借用汉语数字型的套语形式进行翻译,这时听者已经知道它的内涵,能够理解和接受了。
如:
繁荣文学艺术,要坚持“二为”方向。
(为人民服务,为社会主义服务)
Inflouringliteratureandart,effortsshouldbemadetoadheretotheorientationofservingpeopleandthecauseofsocialism.
要教育人民成为“四有”人民,教育干部成为“四有”干部。
(有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律)
Themassesofpeopleandofficialsshouldbetaughttohaveidealsandmoralintegrity,andtobewell-educatedandself-disciplined.
社会主义道德建设要以“五爱”为基本要求。
(爱祖国、爱人民、爱劳动、爱科学、爱社会主义)
Thebuildingofsocialistethicsshouldtakecherishingadeeploveforthemotherland,thepeople,work,scienceandsocialismasthebasicrequirements.
有的缩略词虽不带有数字,但是从字面意思上理解不到它的具体内容,也需要用剖析翻译的办法恢复它实际的内容,才能让听者明白。
如:
“扫黄打非”,其具体意思是:
清除黄色书刊的销售和非法出版
“eliminatethesaleandproductionofpornographicandillegalpublications”
“打假”(打击生产冒牌(假)货的人)“mountanattackonproducersofcounterfeitproducts”
“严打”(“严厉打击经济犯罪活动”,也指“严厉打击走私活动”“严厉打击各种犯罪活动”,应根据实际内容具体翻译出来)“berelentlessinfightingeconomiccrimes”,“relentlesslycrackdownonsmuggling”
3.Practicaladviceforhandlingidioms
1)Wheninterpretingidioms,wemusttakeintofullconsiderationthedifferencesbetweentheChineseandEnglishculturesandlanguages.Weshouldavoidusingseeminglyidenticalbutactuallyerroneousidiomsininterpreting.Ifwecanfindanidiominthetargetlanguagethatcorrespondsexactlytothatinthesourcelanguage,somuchthebetter,becauseexpressionsfamiliartothelistenersmakeourtranslationmoreeasilyaccepted.However,moreoftenthannot,wecannotfindanidiomequivalentinmeaning.Inthatcase,weshouldnotmisuseany
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