TPO124综合写作范文.docx
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TPO124综合写作范文.docx
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TPO124综合写作范文
Topic1
Answer
Thereadingandlisteningpassagesdebatetheprosandconsofthepracticeofsalvagelogging.Thereadingmaterialoutlines(provides)itsthreemajorbenefits,whicharecontradictedbythefollowinglecture.
First,thereadingpassageclaimsthatsalvageloggingprovidesspacesforforestgrowth.However,thespeakerclaimsthatsalvageloggingmakesthesoillessnutritiousbecausedamagedtreescanprovidenutritionforthesoilaftertheydecay.Thispracticallyrefutesthereading’sclaim.
Secondly,thereadingpassagearguesthatsalvageloggingcontrolsharmfulinsects,forinstance,sprucebeetles.However,thespeakerbelievesthatsprucebeetlesarenotharmful.Andhearguesthatsalvageloggingreducesthenumbersofbeneficialspecies.
Finally,thereadingclaimsthatsalvageloggingprovideseconomicalbenefits.Tworeasonsareprovided.Foronething,ithelpslocalcompaniestoreducelossesbyrecyclingdamagedtrees.Second,itprovidesjobopportunitiestolocalpeople.However,thespeakerbelievesthatthisisnotthecase.Foronething,salvageloggingneedsveryexpensivetransportation,e.g.helicopters.Foranotherthing,salvageloggingneedsskillfulworkers,whodonotcomefromthelocalcommunity.
Topic2
Thereadingiscorrectinpointingouttheproblemsassociatedwithoilpoweredcars.Yes,oilisafiniteresource,andyes,burningoilharmstheenvironment.However,thereadingisawaytoooptimisticattheassessmentofhydrogen-basedfuel-cellengines.Hydrogenisnotthesolutiontotheseproblems.
First,hydrogenisnotaseasilyavailableasthepassageindicates.Althoughit’spresentincommonsubstanceslikewater,isnotdirectlyusableinthatform.Foruseinafuel-cellengine,hydrogenmustfirstbeobtainedinapureliquidsstate.Thispureliquidhydrogenisahighlyartificialsubstance.It’stechnologicallyverydifficulttoproduceandstoreliquidhydrogen.Forexample,itmustbekeptvery,verycold,atminus253degreeCelsius.Imagingtheelaboratecoolingtechnologythat’srequiredforthat,sohydrogen’snotsuchapracticallyandeasilyavailablesubstance,isit?
Second,usinghydrogenwouldnotsolvethepollutionproblemsassociatedwithcars.Why?
Producingpurehydrogencreatesalotofpollution.Togetpurehydrogenfromwaterornaturalgas,youhavetouseapurificationprocessthatrequireslotsofenergythatobtainedbyburningcoaloroil.Andburningcoalandoilcreateslotsofpollution.Soalthoughthecarswouldnotpollute,thefactoriesthatgeneratethehydrogenforthecarswouldpollute.
Third,therewon’tnecessarilybeanycostssavingswhenyouconsiderhowexpensiveitistomanufacturethefuelcellengine.That’sbecausefuelcellenginesrequirecomponentsmadeofplatinum,averyrareandexpensivemetal.Withouttheplatinumcomponentintheengine,thehydrogendoesn’tundergothechemicalreactionthatproducestheelectricitytopowertheautomobile.Alltheeffortstoreplaceplatinumwithacheapermaterialhavesofarbeenunsuccessful.
Topic3
Reading
IntheUnitedStates,employeestypicallyworkfivedaysaweekforeighthourseachday.However,manyemployeeswanttoworkafour-dayweekandarewillingtoacceptlesspayinordertodoso.Amandatorypolicyrequiringcompaniestooffertheiremployeestheoptionofworkingafour-dayworkweekforfour-fifths(80percent)oftheirnormalpaywouldbenefittheeconomyasawholeaswellastheindividualcompaniesandtheemployeeswhodecidedtotaketheoption.
Theshortenedworkweekwouldincreasecompanyprofitsbecauseemployeeswouldfeelmorerestedandalert,andasaresult,theywouldmakefewercostlyerrorsintheirwork.Hiringmorestafftoensurethatthesameamountofworkwouldbeaccomplishedwouldnotresultinadditionalpayrollcostsbecausefour-dayemployeeswouldonlybepaid80percentofthenormalrate.Intheend,companieswouldhavefeweroverworkedanderror-proneemployeesforthesamemoney,whichwouldincreasecompanybenefits.
Forthecountryasawhole,oneoftheprimarybenefitsofofferingthisoptiontoemployeesisthatitwouldreduceunemploymentrate.Ifmanyfull-timeemployeesstartedworkingfewerhours,someoftheirworkloadwouldhavetobeshiftedtoothers.Thus,foreveryfouremployeeswhowentonan80percentweek,anewemployeecouldbehiredatthe80percentrate.
Finally,theoptionofafour-dayworkweekwouldbebetterforindividualemployees.Employeeswhocouldaffordalowersalaryinexchangeformorefreetimecouldimprovethequalityoftheirlivesbyspendingtheextratimewiththeirfamilies,pursuingprivateinterestsorenjoyingleisureactivities.
Topic3
Listening
Offeringemployeestheoptionsoffour-dayworkweekwon’taffectcompanyprofits,economicconditionsorthelivesofemployeesinthewaysthereadingsuggests?
First,offeringafour-dayworkweekwillprobablyforcecompaniestospendmore,possiblyalotmore.Addingmoreworkersmeansputtingmuchmoremoneyintoprovidingtrainingandmedicalbenefits.Remember,thecostsofthingslikehealthbenefitscanbethesamewhetheremployeesworksfourdaysorfive.Andhavingmoreemployeesalsorequiresmoreofficespaceandmorecomputers.Theseadditionalcostswillquicklycutintocompanyprofits.
Second,withrespecttooverallemployment,itdoesn’tfollowthatwhensomeemployeeschooseafour-dayworkweek,manymorejobswillbecomeavailable.Hiringanewworkeriscostly,asIarguedamomentago;andcompanieshaveotheroptions:
theymightjustchoosetoasktheiremployeestoworkovertimetomakeupthedifference.Worst,companiesmightraisetheirexpectations;theymightstarttoexpecttheirfour-dayemployeescandothesameamountofworktheyusedtodoinfivedays.Ifthishappens,thennoadditionaljobswillbecreated,andcurrentjobswillbecomemoreunpleasant.
Finally,whileafour-dayworkweekoffersemployeesmorefreetimetoinvestontheirpersonallives,italsopresentssomerisksthatcouldendupreducingtheirqualityoftheirlive.Workingashorterweekcandecreaseemployees’jobstabilitiesandharmtheirchancesforadvancingtheircareers.Four-dayemployeesarelikelytobethefirsttolosetheirjobsduringaneconomicdownturn.Theymayalsobepassedoverforpromotionsbecausecompaniesmightprefertohavefive-dayemployeesinthemanagementpositionstoensurecontinuouscoverageandconsistentsupervisionfortheentireworkweek.
Topic3
Answer
Thereadingandlisteningpassageshaveaconflictofopinionabouttheproposalofafour-dayworkweekforeightypercentofsalary.Thereadingpassagepointsoutitsthreebenefits,whicharecontradictedbythefollowinglecture.
First,thereadingpassagebelievesthattheplanwillincreasecompany’sprofitsbecausehiringmoreemployeeswillnotincreasecompany’scosts.However,thespeakerbelievesthatthisisnotthecase.Foronething,moreemployeesmeanmoretrainingcostsandmedicalbenefits.Foranotherthing,companieswillhavetospendmoreonofficespacesandcomputers.
Second,thereadingpassagearguesthattheplanwillreduceunemploymentratebecauseifemployeesworkfewerhours,companieswillhavetoemploymorepeople.Yet,thespeakerholdstheoppositeopinion.Hearguesthatcompanieswillaskemployeestoworkovertimeorraiseworkexpectationsinsteadofhiringmore.
Finally,thereadingpassagepointsouttheplanwillimprovethequalityoflivesofemployees.However,thespeakerbelievesthatthisisnotthecasebecauseemployeeswillbemorelikelytolosetheirjobsandlesslikelytobepromotedtohigherpositions.
Topic4
Reading
SoontherewillbesomethingnewforthetouristwhohasbeeneverywhereandseeneverythingonEarth.Spacecraftbeingdevelopedbyprivatecommercialcompanieswillsoonenableprivatecitizenstobuytheirownticketstotravelintospace,therebycreatingaspacetourismindustry.Sofar,spacetravelhasbeenundertakenonlybygovernments,butthenew,privatizedspaceflightindustrywillbringgreatbenefitstobothscienceandthepublic.
First,privatespacetravelwillbenefitseriousspaceexplorationbymakingspaceflightcheaper.Privatizationofspacetechnologywillbringtechnologicalcostsdownveryfastbecauseitwillallowcompetition—andcompetitionisoneofthestrongestmotivatorstocutcosts.Thus,loweringthecostofspacetravelwillbenefitnotonlyspacetouristsbutalsoscientists,whowillbeabletouseprivatespaceflightsforresearchpurposes.
Furthermore,privatizationofspacetravelwillacceleratetherateatwhichimportantscientificdiscoveriesoccur.Theaerospaceindustryalreadysponsors发起,主办alotofgroundbreakingscientificresearch,andaddingprivatespaceflightcompaniestoitwillmaketheindustryasawholegrowinsize,therebyemployingmorescientiststhanitdoesnow.Thatincreasednumberofworkingscientistsmeansnotonlythatmorediscoveriesarelikelytobemadebutalsothatthosediscoveriesarelikelytobemademorequicklythaninthepast.
Finally,whengovernmentsarethesoleprovidersofspacetravel,thecostsarepaidforbythewholetaxpayingpublic,butwithprivatization,theexpensesofspacetravelwillbebornebythecustomersoftheindustry.Thefactthatprivatespaceflightoperatorswillbeabletoraisefundsthroughticketsalesmeansthatthefinancialburdenontaxpayerswillbeeasedsignificantly.
Topic4
Listening
Well,itlooksasthoughwe’llsoonseeprivatespaceshipscarryingtouristsintospace.Butwillitreallyprovidegreatbenefitsforseriousscienceandforthepublic?
Idon’tthinkso.
First,privatizedspacetravel,whichisextraordi
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