中国投资环境的机遇与挑战中国美国商会精.docx
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中国投资环境的机遇与挑战中国美国商会精.docx
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中国投资环境的机遇与挑战中国美国商会精
TheAmericanChamberofCommerceinthePeople’sRepublicofChina
ChallengesandOppOrtunitiesinChina’sinvestmentenvirOnment
中国投资环境的机遇与挑战
PolicySPotlightSerieS政策聚焦系列:
Chairman’smessageAsChinacontinuesonitspathofreformandgrowth,foreigndirectinvestmentsimilarlyremainsinvaluabletotheobtainmentofChina’seconomicgoals.ThoughforeigncompaniesremaineagertoinvestintheChinesemarket,challengessuchasdiscriminatoryindustrialpolicies,opaqueinvestmentapprovalprocedures,andalackofeffectiveadministrativeandlegalrecoursewheninvestmentsaredeniedposehugebarrierstopotentialbenefactorsoftheChineseeconomy.
OneroleofTheAmericanChamberofCommerceinthePeople’sRepublicofChina(AmChamChinaistoserveasaplatformfordialogueandresolutionoftheseissues.Thus,ourhopeisthisnewestissueofAmChamChina’sPolicySpotlightSerieswillprovidealaunchingpadfordiscussionnotonlyonthechallengesourmembersfacewheninvestinginChina,butalsoonavarietyofpracticalrecommendationswhichseektoaddressthesecommonlyfacedissues.Weareexcitedfortheopportu-nitytodeepentheconversationonforeigninvestmentinChinaandtoworktogethertosolvetheremainingchal-lenges.
GregGilligan
Chairman,AmChamChina会长致辞
伴随着中国持续进行的改革和经济增长,外商直接投资对于中国实现经济目标仍旧起着重要的作用。
尽管外资公司对于投资中国市场热忱不减,但他们面临的挑战依然存在,如歧视性产业政策、外商投资审批程序缺乏透明度、以及审批遭拒后缺乏有效的行政和法律援助机制。
这些问题将阻碍投资,严重影响中国经济的潜在效益。
中国美国商会(美商会的角色之一,便是提供对话的平台以协助解决上述问题。
我们希望,本报告作为美商会政策聚焦系列的最新一期,能够开启这一讨论的进程,不仅探讨美商会会员公司投资中国所面临的诸多挑战,而且能够从实际出发,建言献策,解决外资企业共同面临的问题。
我们非常高兴能有机会深入探讨中国的外商投资问题,并共同应对现存的挑战。
葛国瑞
中国美国商会会长
ChallengesandOppOrtunitiesinChina’sinvestmentenvirOnment中国投资环境的机遇与挑战
PolicySPotlightSerieS政策聚焦系列:
©2013bytheAmericanChamberofCommerceinthePeople’sRepublicofChina(AmChamChina,allrightsreserved.ThisreportmaynotbereproducedeitherinpartorinfullwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofAmChamChina.
中国美国商会拥有本报告的版权©,并保留其他一切权利。
未经中国美国商会书面授权,不得对本报告或本报告中的部分章节进行复制。
TableofContents目录
PartI.Introduction(2
第一部分:
前言
ForeignInvestmentCatalog(4
《外商投资产业指导目录》
StreamliningtheForeignInvestmentApprovalProcess(6
简化外资审批程序
WhollyForeign-OwnedEnterprise(WFOERegistrationProcess(6
外商独资企业注册程序
IndustrialPoliciesThatInhibitForeignInvestment(10
抑制外商投资的产业政策
OpaqueInboundFDIApprovalProcesses(10
模糊的境内外商直接投资审批程序
ConsultationwithStakeholders,Experts,andGovernmentAgencies(12
征求利益相关方、专家和政府部门的意见
AppealProcesses(14
上诉程序
US-ChinaBilateralInvestmentTreatyNegotiations(14
中美双边投资协定谈判
USEmbassyandAmChamChinaEncourageChineseInvestmentinUS(14
美国驻华使馆和中国美国商会鼓励中国对美投资
PartII.Industry-SpecificInvestmentIssuesandRecommendations(18
第二部分:
具体行业投资问题和建议
Agriculture(18
农业
BusinessProcessOutsourcing(20
业务流程外包
CivilAviation(20
民用航空
CleanTechnologyandElectricVehicles(22
清洁能源和电动汽车
CommercialBanking(22
商业银行业务
ElectronicPaymentServices(24
电子支付服务
HealthcareServices(24
医疗服务
InformationandCommunicationsTechnology(26
信息和通讯技术
Insurance(28
保险业
LegalServices(30
法律服务
Oil,Energy&Power(32
石油、能源和电力
RealEstate(32
房地产
Retail(34
零售业
1
InvestmentEnvironment|AmChamChinaPolicySpotlightSeries
Sincebeginningitseconomicreformandopeningin1978,Chinahasbenefitedenormouslyfromforeigndirectinvest-ment(FDI—thejobsitcreates,thetaxrevenuesitgener-ates,themanagerialandtechnicalexpertiseitnurturesinthelocalworkforce,thetechnologicaladvancesitfacil-itates,andthemultipliereffectthesebenefitshaveontheentireChineseeconomy.Thesecontributionsprovideclearwin-winbenefitsforallmarketparticipants.Thecontribu-tionofforeigninvestmentisincreasingasChinashiftstoaconsumption-driveneconomywithhigherlevelsofproduc-tivityandinnovation.
Nevertheless,sinceChinaessentiallyfulfilleditsWorldTradeOrganization(WTOmarketaccesscommitmentsin2006,ithasgraduallyreturnedtoapracticeoffavoringstate-ownedenterprises(SOEsand“nationalchampions.”Thispolicydirectiondisadvantagesprivatedomesticcompaniesandhelpscreateanincreasinglychallenginginvestmentenvironmentforforeigninvestors.Inparticular,foreigninvestorsareincreasinglyconcernedaboutdiscrimina-toryindustrialpolicies,opaqueinvestmentapprovalproce-duresusedtoachieveindustrialpolicygoals,andalackofeffectiveadministrativeandlegalrecourseifaninvestmentapprovalisconditionedordenied.
Recenteconomicindicatorsshowmoderatinggrowthofgrossdomesticproduct(GDP,laggingcompetitivenessofSOEs,anddecliningnewinboundFDIprojects,which—thoughholdingupreasonablywellintheglobalcontext—fellby3.7percentinaggregatevalueyear-on-yearin2012,accordingtodatafromtheMinistryofCommerce(MOFCOM.Althoughdatafromthefirsthalfof2013depictsa7.1%increaseinutilizedforeigninvestment,thenumberofnewlyapprovedforeign-investedenterpriseswasdown7.7%year-on-year.Non-financialFDIdataonthenumberofnewlyapprovedinvestmentprojectscomingfromtheUS,EU,andJapanhavedeclinedforthepastthreeyears,indicatingslowinginvest-mentsbyglobalmultinationalcompanies.AsChinamovestorestructureitseconomytoincreaseconsumptionandreducefixedassetinvestment,toincreaseproductivityandinnovation,andtomoveupthevalue-addedchain,UScompaniesbringalottothetable.ReformingChina’sFDIapprovalprocessesalongthelinesrecommendedinthisreportwillhelpensureChinacontinuestoattractFDI,enhanceitscapacityforinnovation,accelerateitsmoveuptheeconomicvaluechain,andsustainhealthyGDPgrowth.
Recently,thestagehasbeensetforimprovements.In2012and2013,China’stopleaderscommittedtoincreasedeconomicopeningatboththeFourthandFifthMeetingsoftheUS-ChinaStrategicandEconomicDialogueandthe18thNationalCongressoftheCommunistPartyofChina.In
parti.introduction
Source:
AmChamChina'sBusinessClimateSurvey2013
ThequalityofChina’sinvestmentenvironmentis:
ImprovingStayingthe
same
Deteriorating
HowdoesChinarankinyourcompany's
2AmChamChinaPolicySpotlightSeries|InvestmentEnvironment
自1978年实行经济改革开放以来,中国的发展极大地受益于外商直接投资(FDI——外商直接投资帮助中国增加了就业、税收,提高了本地劳动力的技术和管理水平,推动了技术进步,并由此对中国经济产生了综合叠加效应。
上述贡献为所有市场参与者都带来了明显的双赢收益。
随着中国向消费驱动型经济转型,着重提高生产力和创新水平,外资的贡献也益显重要。
然而,自从2006年基本履行了加入世界贸易组织(WTO市场准入承诺以来,中国逐渐走回了倾向国有企业和打造“国企巨头”的老路。
这一政策导向使得内资民企处于不利地位,同时也造成外商投资面临越来越多的挑战。
外国投资者尤其担心的是带有歧视性的产业政策,用以实现产业政策目标的投资审批程序不透明,以及投资申请被拒绝时或有附加条件时缺乏有效的行政和法律申诉手段。
最近的经济指标显示,中国国内生产总值(GDP增长放缓,国有企业竞争力落后,新的外商直接投资项目减少。
尽管从全球大背景看中国依然取得了不错的增长,但据商务部公布的数据,2012年实际外商直接投资同比下降了3.7个百分点。
尽管2013年上半年的数据显示中国吸收外商直接投资同比增加7.1%,但新批准的外商投资企业数量同比下降了7.7%。
过去三年新批准的来自美国、欧洲和日本的非金融类外商直接投资项目都有所减少,显示出全球跨国企业放慢了投资节奏。
随着中国着手调整经济结构,以增加消费和减少固定资产投资,提高生产力和鼓励创新发明,向价值链上游挺进,美国企业能在这些方面给中国带来巨大的价值。
本章对改革中国外商直接投资审批程序提出的建议将有助于保证中国持续吸引外商直接投资、增强中国的创新能力、提升中国在经济价值链上的位置并维持GDP的健康增长。
中国近来已经做好改进的准备。
2012和2013年,中国最高领导层在中美第四次和第五次战略经济对话和“十八大”报告中均承诺继续深入推进经济开放。
2013
第一部分:
前言中国市场在企业近期全球投
March2013,theNationalPeople’sCongressalsoannouncedaplantodevolveinvestmentapprovalauthoritytolocal-levelgovernments.AmChamChinacommendstheseposi-tivecommitments.Additionally,ChinaandtheUShaveresumednegotiationsofabilateralinvestmenttreaty(BIT,presentinganexcellentopportunityforChinaandtheUStodiscusstheirinterestsandconcernsrelatingtobilateralinvestmentandtrade.
ReformofChina’sapprovalprocessesforinboundforeigndirectinvestmentcontinuestobeapriorityissueforAmChamChinamembers.WeencourageChinato:
•Recognizethevariousbenefitsthatforeigninvest-
mentprovidesbyreducingconditionsandrestric-
tionsonforeigninvestmentandbyconverging
theregulatoryplatformsfordomesticandforeign
investments,
•Streamlinetheapprovalprocesses,including,as
afirststep,requiringfilingfortherecordrather
thanprojectandforeigninvestmentapprovalsfor
investmentsinindustrieswhereinboundFDIis
encouragedorpermitted,
•Increasetransparencyandspecificityin,and
consistencyofenforcementoflawsandregulations
relatingtoforeigninvestmentapprovalprocesses,
and
•Strengthentheviabilityofadministrativeandjudi-
cialreviewbyestablishingclearcriteriarequiring
approvalofprojectsandinvestmentsunlessthey
wouldviolatespecificlawsorregulations.
Inthefollowingsections,wedescribeinfurtherdetailspecificrecommendationsforachievingeachofthesefouroverarchinggoals.Wethenturntoforeigninvestmentissuesandrecommendationsforspecificsectorsandindustries.
governmentreview,andmaybeeligibleforinvest-mentpreferences.TheCataloguemayalsorequirethatinvestmenttakecertainforms(suchasaSino-foreignequityjointventureand/orthattheforeignshare-holder’sproportionofinvestmentintheenterprisebelimited(forexample,to49percentoftotalequity.
MOFCOMandNDRCreleasedthemostrecentrevi-sionoftheForeignInvestmentCatalogueonDecember24,2011.Thoughtherevisionliberalizedinvestmentrestrictionsinanumberofsectors,theyimposedtrou-blingnewlimitationsinothers,mostnotablyproduc-tionofchemicalrawmaterials,domesticexpressletterdeliveryservices,andagriculture.Insomecases,theserestrictionsappeartobeatoddswithChina’sownobjectivesasoutlinedinthe12thFive-YearPlan(FYP.
Selectexamplesofrestrictionsoninvestmentthatinhibittheabilityofforeign-investedcompaniestocontributetoChina’sdevelopmentincludethefollowing:
•ExpressDeliveryServices—UnderArticle5oftheForeignInvestmentCatalogue,thetransporta-tion,warehousing,andpostalindustries,aswellasdomesticlettersofexpressdeliveryservices(EDSallfallunderthe“proh
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