句子构成成分和句子分类.docx
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句子构成成分和句子分类.docx
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句子构成成分和句子分类
句子构成成分和句子分类(抓住深层结构,理解表层结构)
句子构成成分
1.五种基本句子结构
1)S+V
Everysecondcounts.
S+V
Wordsandactionsmustmatch
S+V
2)S+V+O
Achievementprovidestheonlypleasureinlife
S+V+O
Successfulhabitscreatepositiverewards.
S+V+O
3)S+be+P
Successfullearnersarelearnerswithapurpose
SbeP
Noproblemisforever
SbeP
4)S+V+O1+O2
Asenseofpurposegivesone’slifemeaning
SVO1O2
Changeoffersmevarietyandchallenge.
SVO1O2
5)S+V+O+OC
Lovemakestheworldgoaround.
SVOOC
Friendshipmakestheworldbetter.
SVOOC
主语部分+谓语+宾语部分
1)主语、谓语、宾语
主语部分:
主语+定语/并列主语
宾语部分:
宾语+定语/并列宾语
谓语
识别谓语动词和非谓语动词
谓语动词:
be(+N/Adj./Ving/Ved/toV/Prep-phrase)
助动词/情态动词+V
非谓语:
Ved/Ving/toV
识别句子层面谓语动词和从句层面谓语动词
2)定语、状语、补语(修饰成分)
定语:
N_____Adj/Prep/非谓语动词(Ving/Ved/toV)/从句
themanresponsiblefortheaccident/whowas---
lookingforhisdictionary
interestedindetectivestories
onthephone
whomIamlookingfor
theabilitytounderstanddifficultsentences
Priortothetwentiethcentury,womeninnovelswerestereotypesoflackinganyfeaturesthatmadethemuniqueindividualsandwerealsosubjecttonumerousrestrictionsimposedbythemale-dominatedculture.
状语:
分类(时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随和评注)
功能修饰动词、形容词、副词、句子
成分Adv/Prepphrase/非谓语动词(ToV、Ved、Ving)/从句
Shediditoutofkindness.
Thatbeingthecase,we’llreconsiderthewholething.
补语:
主语补语(表语):
补充说明主语
主语补语:
N/Adj/Prep-phrase/非谓语动词(Ving/toV)/表语从句
宾语补语:
补充说明宾语。
宾语补语:
Adj/Prep-phrase/非谓语动词(Ving/toV)
宾语+宾语补语V+O+OC
findthemselveslyinginthehospitalward
pennilessinamonth
facedwiththetoughestjobtheyhadevertaken
inatrapfromwhichtheycouldnotescape
定语/状语/补语
从句+非谓语动词(toV/Ving/Ved)
句子基本结构
从句
非谓语动词
2.句子的主要成分
1)主语、谓语、宾语
辨别谓语动词和非谓语
例如:
Priortothetwentiethcentury,womeninnovelswerestereotypesoflackinganyfeaturesthatmadethemuniqueindividualsandwerealsosubjecttonumerousrestrictionsimposedbythemale-dominatedculture.
S+were----andwere----
S+V
2)表语、定语、状语、补语、同位语
定语:
N_____Adj/Ving/Ved/Prep/toV/clause
themanresponsiblefortheaccident
themanlookingforhisdictionary
themaninterestedindetectivestories
themanonthephone/inthecorner
theabilitytounderstanddifficultsentences
Priortothetwentiethcentury,womeninnovelswerestereotypesoflackinganyfeaturesthatmadethemuniqueindividualsandwerealsosubjecttonumerousrestrictionsimposedbythemale-dominatedculture.
状语:
功能(时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、条件、让步、比较、伴随和评注)
Adv、Clause、ToV、Ved、Ving、prepphrase
TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomyinwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.
句子分类
类型:
1.简单句S+V/S+V1---andV2/S+V1O1,V2O2,andV3O3S-------
Experienceisthemotherofwisdom.
Sayinganddoingaretwodifferentthings.
Wehavegottostudyhard,toenlargeourscopeofknowledge,torealizeourpotentialsandtopayforourlife.
2.并列句S+VandS+VS------andS-------
Problemsneverstopbutpeoplestopproblems.
Inafullheartthereisroomforeverythingandinanemptyheartthereisroomfornothing.
3.复合句S------ConjS-------
Thepresentmomentisthebestgiftthatyougiveyourself.
Whenyouaregoodtoothers,youarebesttoyourself.
4.并列复合句S------andS------Conj-------
Wearenature’sgreatestmiracleandwehavedreamsandambitionswhichareimportanttoeveryone.
抓住深层结构,理解表层结构(由里及表)
Ilovehim
IhatehimS+V+OS------
句子的深层结构
S-------
S------andS-------
S------ConjS-------
S------andS------Conj-------
1.Beyondthestandardexplanation,itisalsothecasethattheemergenceoftechnology,risingproductivity,andanexpandingglobalmarkethavebroughtforthanewupperclassamongcorporations.
2.Theabilitytosomedayearnmore,toliveatahigherstandard,iswhatgetspeopleoutofbedinthemorning,particularlyinourconsumer-orientedeconomy:
incomedisparityonlybecomesaproblemifitwidenstotheextentthatthelaborforcebelievesthatgreaterwealthcanonlybeachievedbythealreadywealthy.
3.Increasinglaborforceparticipation,recordhomeownership,surgingconsumerconfidenceandspending,nearrecordlevelsofimmigration,andurbanrenewalareallanecdotalevidencethathopesarehigh:
alltypesofpeopleareflourishingintheNewEconomyandthereissufficientevidencetosuggestthatmoststillwanttheirshot(企图)atthebrassring(发财的机会).
4.TherehasalsobeenarecentsurgeofimmigrationintotheU.S.:
manymigrantstothiscountry,particularlythosewhoareunskilledorlanguagechallenged,requiretimetobeabsorbedintooureconomy.Ifskillsarelacking,itmaytakeagenerationortwotomoveahead.
5.Itisalsoimportanttorememberthatitisnottheultimategoalofeverypersontobefabulouslyrich,oneofthefundamentalsofeconomicsisthatonedecideshowhardtowork,wheretowork,andwhatriskstotake.
1.Yetteachingseemstobelosingitsappealformanyofthebestandbrightestcollegestudents;inhighschool,manyofthebeststudentsdecidethattheywanttobeteachers,buttheirrelativesandfriendssoonconvincethemtochangetheirminds.
2.Manyarticlesonteaching,currentlypopularinnewspapers,magazines,andprofessionaleducationjournals,concentrateonthenegativeaspectsofteaching:
theexpression"teacherburnout''iscommonlyascribedtothousandsofthoughtfulanddedicatedteacherswhoareleavingtheprofession.
3.Despitethemorelimitedfinancialprospect,thedeteriorationoftheAmericanpublic'sattitudetowardteachers,andtheproblemscausedbydisruptive(分裂性的)students,manyofthebeststudentsconcludethattheywanttopursuecareersintheclassroomafterall.
4.Prospectiveteacherswillseeincreasedemphasisbynationalteacherorganizations,statecertificationagencies,andlocaldistrictsonimprovingthestatusoftheprofessionaswellasonimprovingteachersalaries.
5.Whileteachingisnotawisecareerchoiceforall,teachingisanobleandrewardingprofessionforthosewhoindeedseekpersonalfulfillmentfromtheirlife'swork.
一.单词的翻译:
词性转译
1.名词转译为动词
有些名词本身含有很强的动词意味,应当译为动词。
例如:
1)Franklinhadadeepconviction(坚定的信仰/定罪)thatwemustlearntounderstandandtogetonwithourneighborsinthishemisphere.
(VandVO)
富兰克林深信我们必须学会了解本半球的邻国并与他们友好相处。
2)ThelecturewascalledThieves,andwasademonstrationthattheproprietorsofanunearnedincomeinflictedonthecommunityexactlythesameasaburglardoes.
讲座的题目是“盗贼”,要说明的是获取不义之财对公众造成的危害和盗贼是完全一样的。
3)MyshockandembarrassmentatfindingMotherintearsonWednesday//wasaperfectindexofhowlittleIunderstoodthepressuresonher.
星期三当我发现妈妈哭泣时感到非常震惊和窘迫,这充分表明我对她所承受的压力是多么不理解。
2.介词转译为动词。
例如:
1)...andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,andforthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.
这个民有、民治、民享的政府将永世长存。
2)Whydon’tyoutrytosleep?
I’llwakeyouupforthemedicine.
为什么不去睡觉,到时候我叫你起来吃药。
3.其它转换。
例如:
1)Thiscoursewasnotpopularwithallofthestudents.
并不是所有的学生都喜欢这门课。
(popular转译为动词)
2)Thelanguageofthepoemiscolloquial,yetit’sdeepinitsunderstandingofhumanemotions
诗歌的语言虽然很通俗,但对人的感情揭示却有深度。
(deep转译为名词)
3)ThepapersaideditoriallythatChinesewomenhadalwaysstoodwiththeoppressedwomenoftheworld.
报纸社论说,中国妇女永远和世界被压迫的妇女站在一起。
(editorially转译为名词)转译为名词
二.ToVbydoing
Wecangetbetterscoresbyworkingharder.
先翻译bydoing,再翻译toV,中间加上“因此,结果,从而,进而等”。
Wecanchangeanutterancebyreplacingonewordinitwithanother.
我们用一个词替换话语中的另外一个词,就能改变话语。
Thecorporationmayachieve"verticalintegration"bybuyingcompaniesthatsupplyrawmaterialsatoneendoftheprocessanddistributionoutletsattheother.
Integrity/integration
Rawmaterial/crudeoil/primitivetribe
公司(通过)购买生产过程上游提供原材料和下游提供销售的公司,进而实现“垂直整合”。
TheAmericaneconomicsystemisorganizedaroundabasicallyprivate-enterprise,market-orientedeconomy///inwhichconsumerslargelydeterminewhatshallbeproducedbyspendingtheirmoneyinthemarketplaceforthosegoodsandservicesthattheywantmost.
美国的经济体制基本上是围绕私人企业和市场为导向的经济而组织的。
在这种经济体制中,消费者在市场上购买他们最需要的商品和服务,从而在很大程度上决定了生产什么.
三.定语(从句)
-------Nthat------/Ved---/Ving---/prep---/Adj.---
1.前置法
把英语原文的定语从句翻译成带“的”的定语词组,放置于被修饰的词之前,将英语原文的复合句翻译成汉语的简单句,这种方法一般用于限制性定语从句比较短的情况。
例如:
1.Thefirsttwofactorsmustbeequalforallwhoarebeingcompared,ifanycomparisonintermsofintelligenceistobemade.
如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话,那么对所有被比较者来说,前两个因素必须是一样的。
2.Ayoungsterwhohasnoplaymatesofhisagelivingnearbymaybenefitgreatlyfromattendingnurseryschool.
附近没有同龄伙伴的儿童,上托儿所可以得到很多的益处。
3.Ateverycrosswaysontheroadthatleadstothefuture,eachprogressivespiritisopposedbythousandsofmenappointedtoguardthepast.
在通往未来道路的每一个十字路口上,每一个具有进步思想的人都会遭到受命维护过去的千千万万名卫道士的反对。
(过去分词做定语)
2.后置法
当定语从句较长时,如果翻译成前置的定语,就会不符合汉语的表达习惯,在这种情况下,往往把该定语从句翻译成并列的分句,放置于原来它所修词的后面。
另外在处理此类定语从句时,一般遵循的原则是:
保留先行词,在第二个分句中加以重复.
例如:
1.Theyarestrivingfortheideal///whichisclosetotheheartofeveryChinese///andforwhich,inthepast,manyChinesehavelaiddowntheirlives.
他们正在为实现一个理想而努力,这个理想是每个中国人所珍爱的,在过去,许多中国人曾为了这个理想而牺牲了自己的生命。
2.Thefoodsupplywillnotincreasenearlyenoughtomatchthis(population),///whichmeansthatweareheadingintoacrisisinthematterofproducingandmarketingfood.
食品供应的增长将赶不上人口的增长,这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。
3.翻译成状语从句
英语中有些定语从句,兼有状语从句的职能,在逻辑上(即意义上)与主句有状语关系,说明原因、结果、让步、假设等关系,翻译时应善于从英语原文的字里行间发现这些逻辑上的关系,然后翻译成汉语中相应的偏正复合句。
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- 关 键 词:
- 句子 构成 成分 分类