届高三名校英语试题解析分项汇编 专题14 阅读理解科普知识原卷版.docx

届高三名校英语试题解析分项汇编 专题14 阅读理解科普知识原卷版.docx

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届高三名校英语试题解析分项汇编专题14阅读理解科普知识原卷版

专题14阅读理解-科普知识

D【河北省邯郸市2015届高三上学期1月份教学质量检测】

SinceHenryFordturneditintoamass-marketproductacenturyago,thecarhasdeliveredmanybenefits.Ithaspromotedeconomicgrowth,increasedsocialmobilityandgivenpeoplealotoffun.Butthecarhasalsobroughtmanyproblems.Itpollutestheair,createstrafficjamsandkillspeople.Anastonishing1.24millionpeopledie,andasmanyas50millionarehurt,inroadaccidentseachyear.

Driversandpassengerswastearound90billionhoursintrafficjamseachyear.Insomecar-chokedcitiesasmuchasathirdofthepetrolusedisburnedbypeoplelookingforaspacetopark.

Fortunately,anewtechnologypromisestomakemotoringsafer,lesspollutingandlesstendencytohold-ups.“Connectedcars”--whichmayeventuallydevelopintodriverlesscarsbutfortheforeseeablefuturewillstillhaveahumanatthewheel-cancommunicatewirelesslywitheachotherandwithtraffic-managementsystems,avoidwalkersandothervehiclesandfindopenparkingspots.

Somepartsofthetransformationarealreadyinplace.Manynewcarsarealreadybeingfittedwithequipmentthatletsthemkeeptheirdistanceandstayinamotorwayautomaticallyatarangeofspeeds.Soon,allnewcarsinEuropewillhavetobeabletowarntheemergencyservicesiftheiron-boardsensors（传感器）discoveracrash.Singaporehasledthewaywithusingvariabletolls（道路通行费）tosmoothtrafficflowsduringrush-hours;Britainispioneering“smartmotorways”,whosespeedlimitsvaryconstantlytoachieveasimilareffect.Combined,thesenewinventionscouldcreateamuchmorehighly effectivesysteminwhichcarsandtheirdriversareconstantlywarnedofdangersandshowedtheways,trafficalwaysflowsattheproperspeedandvehiclescantravelclosertogether,yetwithlessriskofcrashing.

Inthepast,morepeopledrivingmeantmoreroads,morejams,moredeathandmorepollution.Infuture,theconnectedcarcouldoffermankindthepleasuresoftheroadwithratherlessofthepain.

【小题1】AccordingtoParagraph2,theproblemofparkinghasresultedin______.

A.moretimeontheroadB.agreatwasteoffuel

C.evenheaviertrafficjamsD.increaseddeathandinjuries

【小题2】Whatdoes“asimilareffect”intheParagraph4referto?

A.Reducingtrafficjams.B.Buildingsmartmotorways.

C.Settingproperspeedlimits.D.Keepingsteadytrafficflows.

【小题3】Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsconnectedcars?

A.Curious.B.Doubtful.C.Supportive.D.Disappointed.

【小题4】Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthetext?

A.TheFutureofCars:

WirelessWheelsB.TheFutureTrafficManagementSystem

C.TheBenefitsandProblemsofCarsD.ThePromisingFutureofCarProduction

C【江西省吉安市第一中学2015届高三上学期第二次阶段考】

Talkingplantsmightsoundlikecharactersinafairytale.Butrecentscientificstudieshaveshownthatplantscommunicatewitheachotherandwithotherlivingthingsinasurprisingnumberofways.Tounderstandthem,scientistssay,wejusthavetolearntheirlanguage.Farmersareespeciallyinterestedinwhatplantshavetosay.

“Plantsareabletocommunicatewithallsortsoforganisms（有机体）.Theycancommunicatewithgiantbacteria,withotherplantsandwithinsects.Theydothischemically,”saidCahill,anEcologyProfessoroftheUniversityofAlbertainCanada.

Plantscientistsarejustbeginningtounderstandthischemical“language”.Cahillsaysstudieshaveshown,forexample,thatplantscanevaluateconditionsintheirimmediateenvironmentandtakeappropriateactions.Plantshaveanability,forexample,tosignalpainordiscomfortcausedbyanythingfromtemperatureextremestoaninsectattack.JackSchultz,aprofessorofchemicalecologyattheUniversityofMissouri,sayswhenaplantsensesthatit’sbeingeaten,itcannotwalkawayfromtrouble；onthecontrary,itwillreleaseachemicalvaporthatalertsotherplantsnearby.

“Theirlanguageisachemicallanguage,anditinvolveschemicalsthatmovethroughtheair,whichareeasilytobechanged,andmostofallaresmellsthatwearefamiliarwith,”Schultzexplained.

“Allplantsrespondedtotheattackbychangingtheirchemistrytodefendthemselves,”Schultzrecalled.“Butwewerequitesurprisedtofindthatnearbyplantsalsochangedtheirchemistrytodefendthemselves,eventhoughtheywerenotpartoftheexperiment.”

Studieshavealsoshownthatplantsunderattackreleasepleasantchemicals.Thosechemicalsattractfriendlyinsectsthatattackthepestseatingtheplant.

Intheend,plants’abilitytocommunicatetheirneeds－andourabilitytounderstandthem－couldhelpfarmersreducetheuseofpoisonouschemicals,cutoperatingcostsandlimitdamagetotheenvironment.

【小题1】.Therecentscientificstudieshaveshownthatplantscan__________.

A.communicatewithotherlivingthingsinachemicalway

B.hardlyreacttoanysuddenchangeintemperature

C.useaveryspecialchemicallanguagewhichisfamiliartous

D.respondtotheattackbygivingoffpoisonouschemicals

【小题2】.Whenbeingeatenbyapest,theplantwill___________.

A.walkawayfromtrouble

B.changeitschemistrytokilltheinsect

C.releaseachemicalvaporto“ask”otherplantsforhelp

D.giveoffnicechemicalstoattractfriendlyinsectstoatackthepest

【小题3】.Theunderlinedword“alerts”mostprobablymeans“___________”.

A.warnsB.protectsC.threatensD.allows

【小题4】.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.CommunicationbetweenPlantsB.AChemical“Language”

C.PlantsCanTalkD.HowPlantsProtectThemselves

B【山西省大同一中、同煤一中2015届高三联考】

Apparentlyeveryoneknowsthatglobalwarmingonlymakesclimatemoreextreme.Ahot,drysummerhascausedanotherfloodofsuchclaims.Andoneoftheplayersthatbenefitthemostfromthisstoryisthemedia:

theideaof“extreme”climatesimplymakesformoreexcitingnews.

ConsiderPaulKrugmanwritingbreathlesslyinTheNewYorkTimesaboutthe“risingincidenceofextremeevents.”HeclaimsthatglobalwarmingcausedthecurrentdroughtinAmerica’sMidwest,andthatsupposedlyrecord-highcornpricescouldcauseaglobalfoodcrisis（危机）。

ButtheUnitedNations’slatestassessmenttellsuspreciselytheopposite—therehasanoverallslighttendencytowardlessdrynessinNorthAmerica.Moreover,thereisnowaythatKrugmancouldhaveidentifiedthisdroughtasbeingcausedbyglobalwarmingwithoutatimemachinesinceclimatemodelsestimatethatsuchdetectionwillbepossibleby2048,attheearliest.

And,fortunately,thisyear’sdroughtappearsunlikelytocauseafoodcrisis,asglobalriceandwheatsuppliesareplentiful.Moreover,Krugmanoverlooksinflation（通货膨胀）：

Priceshaveincreasedsix-foldsince1969.So,theinflation-adjustedpriceofcornwashigherthroughoutmostofthe1970s.

Finally,Krugmanforgetsthatconcernsaboutglobalwarmingarethemainreasonthatcornpriceshaveskyrocketedsince2005.Nowadays40percentofcorngrownintheUnitedStatesisusedtoproduceethanol（乙醇），whichraisesthepriceofcorn–attheexpenseofmanyoftheworld’spoorestpeople.

BillMickbbensimilarlyworriesinTheGuardianAbouttheMidwestdroughtandcornprices.HeconfidentlytellsusthatfiercewildfiresfromNewMexicoandColoradotoSiberiaare“exactly”whattheearlystagesofglobalwarminglooklike.

Infact,thelateststudyonglobalwildfiresuggeststhatfireincidencehasdeclinedoverthepast70yearsandisnowclosetoitspreindustriallevel.

Whenwell—meaningcampaignerswantustopayattentiontoglobalwarming,theyoftenendupmakingoverstatements.Andexaggerated（夸张的）claimsmerelyfuelpublicdistrustandunconcern.Thatisunfortunate,becauseglobalwarmingisarealproblem,andwedoneedtoaddressit.

【小题1】Inwhatwaydothemediabenefitfromextremeweather?

A.Theycangivevoicetodifferentviews.

B.Theycanmakethemselvesbetterknown.

C.Theycanchoosefromagreatervarietyoftopics.

D.Theycanattractpeople’sattentiontotheirreports.

【小题2】Whatistheauthor’scommentonKrugman’sclaimaboutthecurrentdroughtinAmerica’sMidwest?

A.Itwilleventuallygetproofin2048.

B.Itisbasedonanerroneousclimatemodel.

C.Sofarthereisnowaytoproveitsvalidity.

D.Atimemachineisneededtotellifitistrue.

【小题3】Whatisthechiefreasonfortheriseincornpricesaccordingtotheauthor?

A.Inflationrateshavebeenskyrocketingsincethe1970s.

B.Aconsiderablepartofcornisusedtoproducegreenfuel.

C.Climatechangehascausedcornsupplytodropmarkedly.

D.Demandforfoodhasbeenrisinginthedevelopingcountries.

【小题4】Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftheexaggeratedclaimsinthemediaaboutglobalwarming?

A.Theyleadtopublicdistrustaboutscience.

B.Theycreateconfusionaboutclimatechange,

C.Theyarestrategiestoraisepublicawareness.

D.Theydoadisservicetoaddressingtheproblem.

A【山东省实验中学第三次诊断考试】

Humansaren’ttheonlyonesgettingabuzzfromcoffee．Caffeinecanimprovememoryamonghoneybeesandleadtobetterpollination（授粉）．AccordingtoarecentstudypublishedinthejournalScience．

ThestudywasconductedbyateamofresearchersatNewcastleUniversityintheUnitedKingdom．Theyfoundthatthenectar（花蜜）ofsomeflowers，suchasthosefromgrapefruitandlemonplants，aswellascertaincoffeeflowers，containslowdosesofcaffeine．Togetbeestofeedontheseflowers，theteamtrainedtheinsectstoassociatefoodwiththesmelloftheflowers．Theyalsotrainedanothergroupofbeestofeedonnectarfromflowersthatweresweetenedwithasugar,butdidnotcontaincaffeine．After24hours，thebeestrainedoncaffeinatedflowersreturnedtotheseplantst