客观自测及参考答案.docx
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客观自测及参考答案.docx
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客观自测及参考答案
Supplementaryexercises andreferencekeys.
ChapterIIntroduction
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
1.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
2.Linguisticsstudiesparticularlanguage,notlanguagesingeneral.
3.Ascientificstudyoflanguageisbasedonwhatthelinguistthinks.
4.Inthestudyoflinguistics,hypothesesformedshouldbebasedonlanguagefactsandcheckedagainsttheobservedfacts.
5.Generallinguisticsisgenerallythestudyoflanguageasawhole.
6.Generallinguistics,whichrelatesitselftotheresearchofotherareas,studiesthebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.
7.Phoneticsisdifferentfromphonologyinthatthelatterstudiesthecombinationsofthesoundstoconveymeaningincommunication.
8.Morphologystudieshowwordscanbeformedtoproducemeaningfulsentences.
9.Thestudyofthewaysinwhichmorphemescanbecombinedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.
10.Syntaxisdifferentfrommorphologyinthattheformernotonlystudiesthemorphemes,butalsothecombinationofmorphemesintowordsandwordsintosentences.
11.Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageisknownassemantics.
12.Bothsemanticsandpragmaticsstudymeanings.
13.Pragmaticsisdifferentfromsemanticsinthatpragmaticsstudiesmeaningnotinisolation,butincontext.
14.Socialchangescanoftenbringaboutlanguagechanges.
15.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageinrelationtosociety.
16.Modernlinguisticsismostlyprescriptive,butsometimesdescriptive.
17.Modernlinguisticsisdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar.
18.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisthedescriptionoflanguageatsomepointintime.
19Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageasprimary,notthespokenlanguage.
20.ThedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformancewasproposedbyF.deSaussure.
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21. Chomskydefines“competence”astheidealuser’sk__________oftherulesofhislanguage.
22.Languereferstothea__________linguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunitywhiletheparoleistheconcreteuseoftheconventionsandapplicationoftherules.
23.D_________isoneofthedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguagewhichreferstothephenomenonthatlanguageconsistsoftwolevels:
alowerlevelofmeaninglessindividualsoundsandahigherlevelofmeaningfulunits.
24.Languageisasystemofa_________vocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
25.Thedisciplinethatstudiestherulesgoverningtheformationofwordsintopermissiblesentencesinlanguagesiscalleds________.
26.Humancapacityforlanguagehasag____basis,butthedetailsoflanguagehavetobetaughtandlearned.
27.P____referstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.
28.Findingsinlinguisticstudiescanoftenbeappliedtothesettlementofsomepracticalproblems.Thestudyofsuchapplicationsisgenerallyknownasa________linguistics.
29.Languageisp___________inthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.Inotherwords,theycanproduceandunderstandaninfinitelylargenumberofsentenceswhichtheyhaveneverheardbefore.
30.Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthes____studyoflanguage.
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.
31.Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobe______________.
A.prescriptiveB.analytic
C.descriptiveD.linguistic
32.Whichofthefollowingisnotadesignfeatureofhumanlanguage?
A.ArbitrarinessB.Displacement
C.DualityD.Meaningfulness
33.Modernlinguisticsregardsthewrittenlanguageas____________.
A.primaryB.correct
C.secondaryD.stable
34.Inmodernlinguistics,speechisregardedasmorebasicthanwriting,because___________.
A. inlinguisticevolution,speechispriortowriting
B. speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingintermsoftheamountofinformationconveyed.
C. speechisalwaysthewayinwhicheverynativespeakeracquireshismothertongue
D. Alloftheabove
35.Ahistoricalstudyoflanguageisa____studyoflanguage.
A.synchronicB.diachronic
C.prescriptiveD.comparative
36.Saussuretooka(n)__________viewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefroma________pointofview.
A.sociological…psychologicalB.psychological…sociological
C.applied…pragmaticD.semanticandlinguistic
37.AccordingtoF.deSaussure,____referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.
A.paroleB.performance
C.langueD.Language
38.Languageissaidtobearbitrarybecausethereisnologicalconnectionbetween_________andmeanings.
A.senseB.sounds
C.objectsD.ideas
39.Languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker.Thisfeatureiscalled_________,
A.displacementB.duality
C.flexibility D.culturaltransmission
40.Thedetailsofanylanguagesystemispassedonfromonegenerationtothenextthrough____,ratherthanbyinstinct.
A.learningB.teaching
C.booksD.bothAandB
IV.Definethefollowingterms:
41.Linguistics
42.Phonology
43.Syntax
44.Pragmatics
45.Psycholinguistics
46.Language
47.Phonetics
48.Morphology
49.Semantics
50.Sociolinguistics
51.AppliedLinguistics
52.Arbitrariness
53Productivity
54.Displacement
55.Duality
56.DesignFeatures
57.Competence
58Performance
59.Langue
60Parole
V.Answerthefollowingquestionsascomprehensivelyaspossible.Giveexamplesforillustrationifnecessary:
61.Languageisgenerallydefinedasasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Explainitindetail.
62.Whatarethedesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?
Illustratethemwithexamples.
63.Howismodernlinguisticsdifferentfromtraditionalgrammar?
64.Howdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenasynchronicstudyandadiachronicstudy?
65.Whydoesmodernlinguisticsregardthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,notthewritten?
66.Whatarethemajordistinctionsbetweenlangueandparole?
67.Howdoyouunderstandcompetenceandperformance?
68.Saussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleseemssimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance.Whatdoyouthinkaretheirmajordifferences?
69.Doyouthinkhumanlanguageisentirelyarbitrary?
Why?
Suggestedanswerstosupplementaryexercise1:
ChapterIIntroduction
I.DecidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsisTrueorFalse:
l.T2.F3.F4.T5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T10.F
11.T12.T13.T14.T15.T16.F17.T18.F19.F20.F
II.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordwhichbeginswiththelettergiven:
21.knowledge22.abstract23.Duality24.arbitrary
25.syntax26.genetic27.Parole28.applied29.productive
30.scientific(orsystematic)
III.Therearefourchoicesfollowingeachstatement.Markthechoicethatcanbestcompletethestatement.
3l.C32.D33.C34.D35.B36.A37.C38.B39.A40.D
IV.Definethefollowingterms:
41. Linguistics:
Linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.
42. Phonology:
Thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedincommunicationiscalledphonology.
43. Syntax:
Thestudyofhowmorphemesandwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesiscalledsyntax.
44. Pragmatics:
Thestudyofmeaningincontextofuseiscalledpragmatics.
45. Psycholinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetotheworkingsofmindiscalledpsycholinguistics.
46. Language:
Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.
47. Phonetics:
Thestudyofsoundswhichareusedinlinguisticcommunicationiscalledphonetics.
48. Morphology:
Thestudyofthewayinwhichmorphemesarearrangedtoformwordsiscalledmorphology.
49. Semantics:
Thestudyofmeaninginlanguageiscalledsemantics.
50. Sociolinguistics:
Thestudyoflanguagewithreferencetosocietyiscalledsociolinguistics,.
51. Appliedlinguistics:
Inanarrowsense,appliedlinguisticsreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticprinciplesandtheoriestolanguageteachingandlearning,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Inabroadsense,itreferstotheapplicationoflinguisticfindingstothesolutionofpracticalproblemssuchastherecoveryofspeechability.
52. arbitrariness:
Itisoneofthedesignfeaturesoflanguage.Itmeansthatthereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds
53. Productivity:
Languageisproductiveorcreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers.
54. Displacement:
Displacementmeansthatlanguagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,orinfar-awayplaces.Inotherwords,languagecanbeusedtorefertocontextsremovedfromtheimmediatesituationsofthespeaker
55. Duality:
Thedualitynatureoflanguagemeansthatlanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructure,ortwolevels,oneofsoundsandtheotherofmeanings.
56. Designfeatures:
Designfeaturesrefertothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication
57. Competence:
Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,
58. Performance:
performanceistheactualrealizationoftheknowledgeofthe
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