JungCarlGustav18751961 PERSONALITY THEORIES.docx
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JungCarlGustav18751961 PERSONALITY THEORIES.docx
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JungCarlGustav18751961PERSONALITYTHEORIES
//www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html> //www.ship.edu/~cgboeree/perscontents.html> CARLJUNG 1875-1961 Dr.C.GeorgeBoeree Freudsaidthatthegoaloftherapywastomaketheunconsciousconscious.Hecertainlymadethatthegoalofhisworkasatheorist.Andyethemakestheunconscioussoundveryunpleasant,tosaytheleast: Itisacauldronofseethingdesires,abottomlesspitofperverseandincestuouscravings,aburialgroundforfrighteningexperienceswhichneverthelesscomebacktohauntus.Frankly,itdoesn'tsoundlikeanythingI'dliketomakeconscious! Ayoungercolleagueofhis,CarlJung,wastomaketheexplorationofthis"innerspace"hislife'swork.HewentequippedwithabackgroundinFreudiantheory,ofcourse,andwithanapparentlyinexhaustibleknowledgeofmythology,religion,andphilosophy.JungwasespeciallyknowledgeableinthesymbolismofcomplexmysticaltraditionssuchasGnosticism,Alchemy,Kabala,andsimilartraditionsinHinduismandBuddhism.Ifanyonecouldmakesenseoftheunconsciousanditshabitofrevealingitselfonlyinsymbolicform,itwouldbeCarlJung. Hehad,inaddition,acapacityforveryluciddreamingandoccasionalvisions.Inthefallof1913,hehadavisionofa"monstrousflood"engulfingmostofEuropeandlappingatthemountainsofhisnativeSwitzerland.Hesawthousandsofpeopledrowningandcivilizationcrumbling.Then,thewatersturnedintoblood.Thisvisionwasfollowed,inthenextfewweeks,bydreamsofeternalwintersandriversofblood.Hewasafraidthathewasbecomingpsychotic. ButonAugust1ofthatyear,WorldWarIbegan.Jungfeltthattherehadbeenaconnection,somehow,betweenhimselfasanindividualandhumanityingeneralthatcouldnotbeexplainedaway.Fromthenuntil1928,hewastogothrougharatherpainfulprocessofself-explorationthatformedthebasisofallofhislatertheorizing. Hecarefullyrecordedhisdreams,fantasies,andvisions,anddrew,painted,andsculptedthemaswell.Hefoundthathisexperiencestendedtoformthemselvesintopersons,beginningwithawiseoldmanandhiscompanion,alittlegirl.Thewiseoldmanevolved,overanumberofdreams,intoasortofspiritualguru.Thelittlegirlbecame"anima,"thefemininesoul,whoservedashismainmediumofcommunicationwiththedeeperaspectsofhisunconscious. Aleatherybrowndwarfwouldshowupguardingtheentrancetotheunconscious.Hewas"theshadow,"aprimitivecompanionforJung'sego.Jungdreamtthatheandthedwarfkilledabeautifulblondyouth,whomhecalledSiegfried.ForJung,thisrepresentedawarningaboutthedangersoftheworshipofgloryandheroismwhichwouldsooncausesomuchsorrowalloverEurope--andawarningaboutthedangersofsomeofhisowntendenciestowardshero-worship,ofSigmundFreud! Jungdreamtagreatdealaboutthedead,thelandofthedead,andtherisingofthedead.Theserepresentedtheunconsciousitself--notthe"little"personalunconsciousthatFreudmadesuchabigdealoutof,butanewcollectiveunconsciousofhumanityitself,anunconsciousthatcouldcontainallthedead,notjustourpersonalghosts.Jungbegantoseethementallyillaspeoplewhoarehauntedbytheseghosts,inanagewhereno-oneissupposedtoevenbelieveinthem.Ifwecouldonlyrecaptureourmythologies,wewouldunderstandtheseghosts,becomecomfortablewiththedead,andhealourmentalillnesses. CriticshavesuggestedthatJungwas,verysimply,illhimselfwhenallthishappened.ButJungfeltthat,ifyouwanttounderstandthejungle,youcan'tbecontentjusttosailbackandforthneartheshore.You'vegottogetintoit,nomatterhowstrangeandfrighteningitmightseem. Biography CarlGustavJungwasbornJuly26,1875,inthesmallSwissvillageofKessewil.HisfatherwasPaulJung,acountryparson,andhismotherwasEmiliePreiswerkJung.Hewassurroundedbyafairlywelleducatedextendedfamily,includingquiteafewclergymenandsomeeccentricsaswell. TheelderJungstartedCarlonLatinwhenhewassixyearsold,beginningalonginterestinlanguageandliterature--especiallyancientliterature.BesidesmostmodernwesternEuropeanlanguages,Jung couldreadseveralancientones,includingSanskrit,thelanguageoftheoriginalHinduholybooks. Carlwasarathersolitaryadolescent,whodidn'tcaremuchforschool,andespeciallycouldn'ttakecompetition.HewenttoboardingschoolinBasel,Switzerland,wherehefoundhimselftheobjectofalotofjealousharassment.Hebegantousesicknessasanexcuse,developinganembarrassingtendencytofaintunderpressure. Althoughhisfirstcareerchoicewasarcheology,hewentontostudymedicineattheUniversityofBasel.WhileworkingunderthefamousneurologistKrafft-Ebing,hesettledonpsychiatryashiscareer. Aftergraduating,hetookapositionattheBurghoeltzliMentalHospitalinZurichunderEugeneBleuler,anexperton(andthenamerof)schizophrenia.In1903,hemarriedEmmaRauschenbach.HealsotaughtclassesattheUniversityofZurich,hadaprivatepractice,andinventedwordassociationatthistime! LonganadmirerofFreud,hemethiminViennain1907.Thestorygoesthataftertheymet,Freudcanceledallhisappointmentsfortheday,andtheytalkedfor13hoursstraight,suchwastheimpactofthemeetingofthesetwogreatminds! FreudeventuallycametoseeJungasthecrownprinceofpsychoanalysisandhisheirapparent. ButJunghadneverbeenentirelysoldonFreud'stheory.Theirrelationshipbegantocoolin1909,duringatriptoAmerica.Theywereentertainingthemselvesbyanalyzingeachothers'dreams(morefun,apparently,thanshuffleboard),whenFreudseemedtoshowanexcessofresistancetoJung'seffortsatanalysis.Freudfinallysaidthatthey'dhavetostopbecausehewasafraidhewouldlosehisauthority! Jungfeltratherinsulted. WorldWarIwasapainfulperiodofself-examinationforJung.Itwas,however,alsothebeginningofoneofthemostinterestingtheoriesofpersonalitytheworldhaseverseen. Afterthewar,Jungtraveledwidely,visiting,forexample,tribalpeopleinAfrica,America,andIndia.Heretiredin1946,andbegantoretreatfrompublicattentionafterhiswifediedin1955.HediedonJune6,1961,inZurich. Theory Jung'stheorydividesthepsycheintothreeparts.Thefirstistheego,whichJungidentifieswiththeconsciousmind.Closelyrelatedisthepersonalunconscious,whichincludesanythingwhichisnotpresentlyconscious,butcanbe.Thepersonalunconsciousislikemostpeople'sunderstandingoftheunconsciousinthatitincludesbothmemoriesthatareeasilybroughttomindandthosethathavebeensuppressedforsomereason.ButitdoesnotincludetheinstinctsthatFreudwouldhaveitinclude. ButthenJungaddsthepartofthepsychethatmakeshistheorystandoutfromallothers: thecollectiveunconscious.Youcouldcallityour"psychicinheritance."Itisthereservoirofourexperiencesasaspecies,akindofknowledgeweareallbornwith.Andyetwecanneverbedirectlyconsciousofit.Itinfluencesallofourexperiencesandbehaviors,mostespeciallytheemotionalones,butweonlyknowaboutitindirectly,bylookingatthoseinfluences. Therearesomeexperiencesthatshowtheeffectsofthecollectiveunconsciousmoreclearlythanothers: Theexperiencesofloveatfirstsight,ofdejavu(thefeelingthatyou'vebeenherebefore),andtheimmediaterecognitionofcertainsymbolsandthemeaningsofcertainmyths,couldallbeunderstoodasthesuddenconjunctionofourouterrealityandtheinnerrealityofthecollectiveunconscious.Granderexamplesarethecreativeexperiencessharedbyartistsandmusiciansallovertheworldandinalltimes,orthespiritualexperiencesofmysticsofallreligions,ortheparallelsindreams,fantasies,mythologies,fairytales,andliterature. Aniceexamplethathasbeengreatlydiscussedrecentlyisthenear-deathexperience.Itseemsthatmanypeople,ofmanydifferentculturalbackgrounds,findthattheyhaveverysimilarrecollectionswhentheyarebroughtbackfromacloseencounterwithdeath.Theyspeakofleavingtheirbodies,seeingtheirbodiesandtheeventssurroundingthemclearly,ofbeingpulledthroughalongtunneltowardsabrightlight,ofseeingdeceasedrelativesorreligiousfigureswaitingforthem,andoftheirdisappointmentathavingtoleavethishappyscenetoreturntotheirbodies.Perhapsweareall"built"toexperiencedeathinthisfashion. Archetypes Thecontentsofthecollectiveunconsciousarecalledarchetypes.Jungalsocalledthemdominants,imagos,mythologicalorprimordialimages,andafewothernames,butarchetypesseemstohavewonoutoverthese.Anarchetypeisanunlearnedtendencytoexperiencethingsinacertainway. Thearchetypehasnoformofitsown,butitactsasan"organizingprinciple"onthethingsweseeordo.ItworksthewaythatinstinctsworkinFreud'stheory: Atfirst,thebabyjustwantssomethingtoeat,withoutknowingwhatitwants.Ithasaratherindefiniteyearningwhich,nevertheless,canbesatisfiedbysomethingsandnotbyothers.Later,withexperience,thechildbeginstoyearnforsomethingmorespecificwhenitishungry--abottle,acookie,abroiledlobster,asliceofNewYorkstylepizza. Thearchetypeislikeablackholeinspace: Youonlyknowitstherebyhowitdrawsmatterandlighttoitself. Themotherarchetype Themotherarchetypeisaparticularlygoodexample.Allofourancestorshadmothers.Wehaveevolvedinanenvironmentthatincludedamotherormother-substitute.Wewouldneverhavesurvivedwithouto
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