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09年春季

Questions1--5

Icameacrossanoldcountryguidetheotherday.Itlistedallthetradesmenineachvillageinmypartofthecountry,anditwasimpressivetoseethegreatvarietyofserviceswhichwereavailableonone'sowndoorstepinthelateVictoriancountryside.

NowadaysasuperficialtravelerinruralEng1andmightconcludethattheonlyvillagetradesmenstillflourishingwereeithersellingfrozenfoodtotheinhabitantsorsellingantiquestovisitors.Nevertheless,thiswouldreallybeafalseimpression.Admittedlytherehasbeenacontractionofvillagecommerce,bulitsvigorisstillremarkable.

Ourlocalgrocer'sshop,forexample,isactuallyexpandinginspiteofthecompetitionfromsupermarketsinthenearesttown.Womensensiblyprefertogothereandexchangethelocalnewswhi1edoingtheirshopping,insteadofqueueingupanonymouslyatasupermarket.Andtheproprietorknowswellthatpersona1servicehasasubstantialcashvalue.

HisPricesmaybeabithigherthanthoseinthetown,buhewilldeliveranythingatanytime.Hisassistantsthinknothingofbicyclingdownthevillagestreetintheirlunchhourtotakeapieceofcheesetoanoldagepensionerwhosentherorderbywordofmouthwithafriendwhohappenedtobepassing.Themoreaffluentcustomerstelephonetheirshoppinglistsandthegoodsareontheirdoorstepswithinanhour.Theyhaveonlytohintatafancyforsomecommodityoutsidetheusualstockandthegrocerared-facedfigure,instantlyobtainsitforthem..

Thevillagegainsfromthissortofenterprise,ofcourse.ButIalsofinditsatisfactorybecauseavillageshopoffersoneofthefewwaysinwhichamodestindividualistcanstillgetalongintheworldwithoutattachinghimselftothebigbattalionsofindustryorcommerce.

MostofthevillageshopkeepersIknow,atanyrate,aredecidedlyindividualistintheirways.Forexample,ourshoemakerisaformidablefigure:

athick-set,irritablemanwhomchildrentreatwithmarkedrespect,knowingthatanill-judgedwordcanprovokeanangryeruptionatanytime.Hestareswithcontemptatthepairsofcheap,mass-producedshoestakentohimforrepair:

hasitcometothis,heseemstobesaying,thathe,acraftsman,shouldhavetowastehisskillsuponsuchtrash?

Butweallknowhewillinfactdoexcellentworkuponthem.Andhemakesbeautifulshoesforthosewhocanaffordsuchluxury.

1.Theservicesavailableinvillagesnowadaysarenormally_________.

（A）fewerbutstillveryactive

（B）lesssuccessfulthanearlierbutmanagingtosurvive

（C）activeinprovidingfoodforthevillageandtourists

（D）surprisinglyenergeticconsideringthelittledemandforthem

2.Thelocalgrocer’sshopisexpandingeventhough________.

（A）townshopsaremoreattractive

（B）townshopsarelargerandlesswell-known

（C）peopleliketoshopwheretheyarelesswell-known

（D）peoplegetextraserviceintownshops

3.Howdothevillagegrocer’sassistantsfeelaboutdeliveringgoods?

（A）Theytendtoforgetit.                （B）Theywillnotconsiderit.

（C）Theytakeitforgranted.              （D）Itdoesnotseemworththeirwhile

4.Anotheraspectofpersonalserviceavailableinthevillageshopisthat_________.

（A）thereisawiderangeofgoosavailable

（B）goodsnotinstockcanbeobtainedwhenevertheyareneeded

（C）specialattentionisgiventotheneedsofwealthiercustomers

（D）goodsarealwaysrestockedbeforetheyrunout

5.Inwhatwayisthevillageshoemakera“formidablefigure”?

（A）Heseemstopaylittleattentiontopublicopinion.

（B）Herefusestomendcheap,mass-producedshoes.

（C）Hehasaveryroughtemper.

（D）Hehasveryhighstandardsofworkmanship.

Questions6--10

DriversontheBasingstokeby-passusedtohavetheirattentiondivertedbyasignthatread—A MOMENT'SINATTENTIONCAUSESACCIDENTS.Thisself-defeatingwarninghasnowbeenremoved,butitsmessageisstillverymuchtothepoint.

Almostanytingcancauseanaccident.Apartfrommomentaryinattention,itmightbeaminormiscalculation,asuddenfitofcoughing,abopontheheadwithateddy-bearfromachildinthebackseat,anargumentwiththewife,fog,fallingasleepatthewheel,badeyesight,aglaringsun,ice,rain,wind,orsnow—a1lthesecanmakethedifferencebetweenatragichitandaluckymiss.

Althoughhumanerrorplaysitspart,itisbynomeanstheonlycauseofaccidends.Theremustbesomecauseotherthansimplehumanerror.Roadconstructionplaysitspart:

researchershavefoundthatitisnotattheobviousdangerspot—sharpcorners,cross-roads,narrowlanes—thataccidentshappen.Itisonthoseroadswheretherearesubtlevisualtraps,unexpectedchangesintheshapeorsurfaceofthe.road,oreveninsufficientorbadly-placedsigns.Whereverthereisa'blackspot',itmeansthatsomethingisseriouslywrongwiththeroad.Whyelsedidthecarelessdrivingofsomanycomeoutatthatparticularspot?

Whatthelawrequireswhenyouhaveanaccident

Thereare,firstlythelegalformalitiesofexchangingnamesandaddresseswithothersinvolvedinanaccidentand,incertaincases,informingthepolice.However,youarerequiredbylawtostopafteranaccidentonlyif:

lSomebodyotherthanyourselfinoroutsideyourcarhasbeeninjured.

2Avehiclenotyourownhasbeendamaged.

3Anyhorse,cow,donkey,sheep,ordoghasbeeninjured.

Ithasbeensaidthatifadrivercontinuesunawareofcausinginjuryhemustbeacquitted.Butthecourtsarewaryofthatexcuse.Furthermore,thedriverhimselfmustwaitatthescene;itisnotenoughforhimtoleavehischauffeurorafriendtoattendtotheboringformalitieswhilehegoesoffonmoreimportantbusiness.

Ifyouhavebeeninvolvedinanaccidentandhavestopped,youmustgiveyourname,address,andregistrationnumbertoanyonewhohasagoodreasonforrequestingit;thismeansanyoneaffectedbytheaccident.Iftheseformalitiesarecompliedwithitisnotnecessarytowaitforthearrivalofthepolice.Itis,however,oftenwisetodoso.Thepoliceareexpertatdrawingplans,takingmeasurementsandphotographsandgatheringotherevidence.Inyourabsencethepolicecouldbegivenabiasedstoryagainstyou;andyouyourselfmighwamtopointoutcertainfeaturesoftheaccidenttothepolice.

6.AMOMENT'SINATTENTIONCAUSESACCIDENTS'（para.l）isaselfdefeatingWarningbecause______.

（A）itwillmakeadriverwaitatthescene

（B）itwilldistractthedriver'sattention

（C）itistoodifficulttounderstand

（D）itistoolongtobereadbydrivers

7.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?

（A）Afteranaccidentyouhavetogiveyournametoanyonewhoasksforit.

（B）DriversontheBasingstokeby-passusedtoignorethesign.

（C）Roadconstructionproblemscanbeamajorcauseofaccidents.

（D）A'blackspot'isapartoftheroadwheretherearenosigns.

8.'Subtlevisualtraps'（para.3）are______.

（A）placeswherethepolicehideinordertotrapmotorists

（B）partsoftheroadwhicharedeceptivetothedriver'seye

（C）dangerspotssuchassharpcornersandcross-roads

（D）placeswheretherearemanroad-signs

9.Asrequiredbythelaw,youmuststopafteranaccident,if______.

（A）youhavebeeninjuredbysomebody.

（B）yourcarhasbeendamaged.

（C）youhaveinjuredsomebodyelse

（D）youhavewitnessedtheaccident

l0.Afteranaccidentitisrecommendedthatyouwaitforthepolicebecause_________.

（A）itisagainstthelawtodriveoff

（B）theyhavetoexamineyourlicenceandinsurancecertificate

（C）theyhavetonotothepositionofyourcar

（D）somebodymaygivethemafalseaccountoftheaccident

Questions11--15

Justaswordoilscarcityisalreadycausingintemationalconflicts,sowillthescarcityofwaterreachapointwherewarswillbreakout.Thestatisticsonwaterarealreadyscary.Alreadywelloverlbillionpeoplesufferfromwatershortagesand30countriesgetmorethanathirdoftheirwaterfromoutsidetheirborders—anobvioussourceofdisputesandinstabilityespeciallyastheclimatechanges.Thewholeofthesub-SaharanAfrica,mostofSouthAsiaandwesternSouthAmericaaremostatrisk.Thereason:

therapidmeltingofglaciersduetoglobalwarning.

Atthemeetingofthecoalitionof27Intemaionalcharitieslastmonth,GarethThomas,ministerofIntenatonalDevelopmentoftheBritishgovernment,wrotetoprimeministerGordonBrowndemandingactiontoensurefreshwaterto1.1billionpeoplewithpoorsupplies."Ifwedonotactnow,therealityisthatwatersuppliesmaybecomethesubjectofinternationalconflictintheyearsahead.Weneedtoinvestnowtopreventushavingtopaythatpriceinthefuture",Thomassaid.Thedepartmentwarnedthattwo-thirdsoftheword'spopulationwillliveinwater-stressedcountriesby2025.

Thecoalitionofcharitieshasappealedforaglobalefforttobringrunningwatertothedevelopingworldandsupplysanitationtoafurther2.6billionpeople.Itsaidthatinternationalinvestmentisneedednowtopreventcompetitionforwatertodestabilizecommunitiesandescalateintoconflicts.

TacklingthewaterandsanitationcrisisisessentialiftheMillenniumDevelopmentGoalCalltoActionistobeasuccess.Otherwise,progressonhealth,education,andenvironmentsustainabilitywillbeundermined.Eachyear443millionschooldaysarelostgloballytodiarrheaand1.8millionchildrendiefromthesediseases.Infact,itisoftennotrealizedthainvestinginsanitationandwaterbrillgsthegreatestpublichealthgains,morethananyothersingledevelopmentinterventionanddeliversenormouseconomicgains.Already,someAsiancountrieshaveputtacklingtheseissuesattheforefrontoftheirdevelopmentefforts.TheMil