village.docx
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village.docx
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village
GreenwichVillage
GreenwichVillageHistoricDistrict
U.S.NationalRegisterofHistoricPlaces
U.S.HistoricDistrict
WashingtonSquarePark,intheheartofGreenwichVillage
Location:
Boundedby:
W14stStreetontheNorth;WHoustonStreetontheSouth;theHudsonRiverontheWest,BroadwayontheEast
Coordinates:
40°44′2″N74°0′4″W/40.73389°N74.00111°W/40.73389;-74.00111Coordinates:
40°44′2″N74°0′4″W/40.73389°N74.00111°W/40.73389;-74.00111
Built/Founded:
1799
Architecturalstyle(s):
Mid19thCenturyRevival,Italianate,Federal
Governingbody:
State
AddedtoNRHP:
June19,1979
NRHPReference#:
79001604
GreenwichVillage(pronounced/ˌɡrɛnɪtʃˈvɪlɪdʒ/),oftensimplycalled"theVillage",isalargelyresidentialneighborhoodonthewestsideofLowerManhattaninNewYorkCity.Alargemajorityofthedistrictishometouppermiddleclassfamilies.GreenwichVillage,however,wasknowninthelate19th–earliertomid20thcenturiesasthebohemiancapitalandthebirthplaceoftheBeatmovement.Whatprovidedtheinitialattractivecharacterofthecommunityeventuallycontributedtoitsgentrificationandcommercialization.
ThenameofthevillageisAnglicizedfromtheDutchnameGroenwijck,meaning"PineDistrict",intoitsnearheterographGreenwich,aboroughofLondon,England.
Contents
1Location 2Gridplan
3History 4Sincethe1960s
4.1Preservation 5Inmedia
6Education 7Notableresidents
Location
StreetinGreenwichVillage
TheneighborhoodisboundedbyBroadwayontheeast,theHudsonRiverontheWest,HoustonStreetontheSouth,and14thStreetontheNorth.TheneighborhoodssurroundingitaretheEastVillagetotheeast,SoHoandHudsonSquaretothesouth,andChelseatothenorth.TheEastVillagewasformerlyconsideredpartoftheLowerEastSideandneverassociatedwithGreenwichVillage.[4]TheWestVillageisthepartofGreenwichVillagewestof7thAvenue,thoughRealtorssaythedividinglineis6thAvenue.[who?
]TheneighborhoodislocatedinNewYork's8thcongressionaldistrict,NewYork's25thStateSenatedistrict,NewYork's66thStateAssemblydistrict,andNewYorkCityCouncil's3rddistrict.
GreenwichVillagewasbetterknownasWashingtonSquare–basedonthemajorlandmarkWashingtonSquarePark[5]orEmpireWardinthe19thcentury.
EncyclopediaBritannica's1956articleon"NewYork(City)"(subheading"GreenwichVillage")statesthatthesouthernborderoftheVillageisSpringStreet,reflectinganearlierunderstanding.ThenewerdistrictofSoHohassinceencroachedontheVillage'shistoricborder.
Gridplan
TheintersectionofWest4thandWest12thStreets
AsGreenwichVillagewasoncearuralhamlet,totheNorthoftheearliestEuropeansettlementonManhattanIsland,itsstreetlayoutismorehaphazardthanthegridpatternofthe19th-centurygridplan(basedontheCommissioners'Planof1811).GreenwichVillagewasallowedtokeepitsstreetpatterninareaswestofGreenwichLane(nowGreenwichAvenue)andSixthAvenuethatwerealreadybuiltupwhentheplanwasimplemented,whichhasresultedinaneighborhoodwhosestreetsaredramaticallydifferent,inlayout,fromtheorderedstructureofnewerpartsoftown.Manyoftheneighborhood'sstreetsarenarrowandsomecurveatoddangles.Additionally,unlikemostofManhattanaboveHoustonStreet,streetsintheVillagetypicallyarenamedratherthannumbered.Whilesomeoftheformerlynamedstreets(includingFactory,HerringandAmityStreets)arenownumbered,eventheydonotalwaysconformtotheusualgridpatternwhentheyentertheneighborhood.Forexample,West4thStreet,whichrunseast-westoutsideoftheVillage,turnsandrunsnorth,crossingWest10th,11th,12th,and13thStreets.
AlargesectionofGreenwichVillage,madeupofmorethan50northernandwesternblocksintheareaupto14thStreet,isconsideredpartofaHistoricDistrictbytheNewYorkCityLandmarksPreservationCommission.TheDistrict'sconvolutedbordersrunnofarthersouththan4thStreetorSt.Luke'sPlace,andnofarthereastthanWashingtonSquareEastorUniversityPlace.Redevelopmentinthatareaisseverelyrestricted,anddevelopersmustpreservethemainfacadeandaestheticsofthebuildingsevenduringrenovation.
MostpartsofGreenwichVillagecomprisemid-riseapartments,19th-centuryrowhousesandtheoccasionalone-familywalk-up,asharpcontrasttothehi-riselandscapeinMid-andDowntownManhattan,duetothelackofshallowbedrock.
History
MapofoldGreenwichVillage.AsectionofBernardRatzer'smapofNewYorkanditssuburbs,madecirca1766forHenryMoore,RoyalGovernorofNewYork,whenGreenwichwasmorethantwomilesfromthecity.
GreenwichVillageislocatedonwhatwasoncemarshland.Inthe16thcenturyNativeAmericansreferredtoitasSapokanikan("tobaccofield").ThelandwasclearedandturnedintopasturebyDutchandfreedAfricansettlersinthe1630s,whonamedtheirsettlementNoortwyck.TheEnglishconqueredtheDutchsettlementofNewNetherlandin1664andGreenwichVillagedevelopedasahamletseparatefromthelarger(andfast-growing)NewYorkCitytothesouth.Itofficiallybecameavillagein1712andisfirstreferredtoasGrin'wichin1713CommonCouncilrecords.In1822,ayellowfeverepidemicinNewYorkencouragedresidentstofleetothehealthierairofGreenwichVillage,andafterwardsmanystayed.
GreenwichVillageisgenerallyknownasanimportantlandmarkonthemapofbohemianculture.Theneighborhoodisknownforitscolorful,artisticresidentsandthealternativeculturetheypropagate.Dueinparttotheprogressiveattitudesofmanyofitsresidents,theVillagehastraditionallybeenafocalpointofnewmovementsandideas,whetherpolitical,artistic,orcultural.Thistraditionasanenclaveofavant-gardeandalternativeculturewasestablishedbythebeginningofthe20thcenturywhensmallpresses,artgalleries,andexperimentaltheaterthrived.
In1914,inoneofthemanyManhattanpropertiesGertrudeVanderbiltWhitneyandherhusbandowned,GertrudeWhitneyestablishedtheWhitneyStudioClubat8West8thStreetinGreenwichVillageasafacilitywhereyoungartistscouldexhibittheirworks.Theplacewouldevolvetobecomehergreatestlegacy,theWhitneyMuseumofAmericanArt,onthesiteoftoday'sNewYorkStudioSchoolofDrawing,PaintingandSculpture.TheWhitneywasfoundedin1931,asananswertothethennewlyfounded(1928)MuseumofModernArt'scollectionofmostlyEuropeanmodernismanditsneglectofAmericanArt.GertrudeWhitneydecidedtoputthetimeandmoneyintothemuseumaftertheNewYorkMetropolitanMuseumofArtturneddownheroffertocontributehertwenty-five-yearcollectionofmodernartworks.
CherryLaneTheatreisalsolocatedinGreenwichVillage
In1924theCherryLaneTheatrewasestablished.Locatedat38CommerceStreetitisNewYorkCity'soldestcontinuouslyrunningoff-Broadwaytheater.AlandmarkinGreenwichVillage’sculturallandscape,itwasbuiltasafarmsiloin1817,andalsoservedasatobaccowarehouseandboxfactorybeforeEdnaSt.VincentMillayandothermembersoftheProvincetownPlayersconvertedthestructureintoatheatretheychristenedtheCherryLanePlayhouse,whichopenedonMarch24,1924,withtheplayTheManWhoAtethePopomack.Duringthe1940sTheLivingTheatre,TheatreoftheAbsurd,andtheDowntownTheatermovementalltookrootthere,anditdevelopedareputationasaplacewhereaspiringplaywrightsandemergingvoicescouldshowcasetheirwork.
In1936,therenownedAbstractExpressionistartistandteacherHansHofmannmovedhisartschoolfromE.57thStreetto52West9thStreet.In1938,Hofmannmovedagaintoamorepermanenthomeat52West8thStreet.Theschoolremainedactiveuntil1958whenHofmannretiredfromteaching.
Duringthegoldenageofbohemianism,GreenwichVillagebecamefamousforsucheccentricsasJoeGould(profiledatlengthbyJosephMitchell)andMaxwellBodenheim,dancerIsadoraDuncan,writerWilliamFaulkner,andplaywrightEugeneO'Neill.Politicalrebellionalsomadeitshomehere,whetherserious(JohnReed)orfrivolous(MarcelDuchampandfriendssetoffballoonsfromatopWashingtonSquarearch,proclaimingthefoundingof"TheIndependentRepublicofGreenwichVillage").InChristmas1949,TheWeaversplayedattheVillageVanguard.
TheVillageagainbecameimportanttothebohemiansceneduringthe1950s,whentheBeatGenerationfocusedtheirenergiesthere.Fleeingfromwhattheysawasoppressivesocialconformity,aloosecollectionofwriters,poets,artists,andstudents(laterknownastheBeats)andtheBeatniks,movedtoGreenwichVillage,andtoNorthBeachinSanFrancisco;inmanywayscreatingtheeastcoast-westcoastpredecessortotheHaight-Ashbury-EastVillagehippiesceneofthenextdecade. TheVillage(andsurroundingNewYorkCity)wouldlaterplaycentralrolesinthewritingsof,amongothers,JackKerouac,AllenGinsberg,WilliamS.Burroughs,JamesBaldwin,TrumanCapote,MarianneMoore,MayaAngelou,RodMcKuen,andDylanThomaswhocollapsedwhiledrinkingattheWhiteHorseTavernonNovember5,1953.
Off-Off-BroadwaybeganinGreenwichVillagein1958asareactiontoOff-Broadway,anda"completerejectionofcommercialtheatre".Amongthefirstvenuesforwhatwouldsoonbecalled"Off-Off-Broadway"(atermsupposedlycoinedbycriticJerryTallmeroftheVillageVoice)werecoffeehousesinGreenwichVillage,particularlytheCaffeCinoat31CorneliaStreet,operatedbytheeccentricJoeCino,whoearlyontookalikingtoactorsandplaywrightsandagreedtoletthemstageplaystherewithoutbotheringtoreadthepl
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