大学英语四级考试模拟试题第2期及答案.docx

大学英语四级考试模拟试题第2期及答案.docx

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大学英语四级考试模拟试题第2期及答案

2010年大学英语四级考试模拟试题第2期

PartIWriting

（30minutes）

Directions:

Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic“PsychologicalProblemsforCollegeStudents”.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsfollowingtheoutlinegivenbelowinChinese:

1.有些大学生存在心理问题；

2.出现这种现象的原因；

3.应对措施。

PartIIReadingComprehension（SkimmingandScanning）

（15minutes）

Directions:

Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequickly.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA）,B）,C）andD）.Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

Depression

Depressionisacommontypeofmentaldisorder—mostpeoplewillbeaffectedbydepressionintheirliveseitherdirectlyorindirectly.Confusionaboutdepressioniscommonplace:

forexample,aboutwhatdepressionisandwhatmakesitdifferentfromjustfeelingdown.Thereisalsoconfusionsurroundingthemanytypesofdepressionthatpeoplemayexperience.Therehavebeensomanytermsusedtodescribethissetoffeelingswe’veallfeltatonetimeoranotherinourlives,toonedegreeoranother,thatitistimetosettherecordstraight.

1.TypesofDepression

Depressivedisorderscomeindifferentforms,justasotherillnessessuchasheartdisease.Thispassagebrieflydescribesthreeofthemostcommontypesofdepressivedisorders.However,withinthesetypestherearevariationsinthenumberofsymptoms,theirseverity,andpersistence.

Majordepressionismanifestedbyacombinationofsymptomsthatinterferewiththeabilitytowork,study,sleep,eat,andenjoyoncepleasurableactivities.Suchadisablingepisodeofdepressionmayoccuronlyoncebutmorecommonlyoccursseveraltimesinalifetime.

Alessseveretypeofdepression,dysthymia,involveslong-term,chronicsymptomsthatdonotdisable,butkeeponefromfunctioningwellorfromfeelinggood.Manypeoplewithdysthymiaalsoexperiencemajordepressiveepisodesatsometimeintheirlives.

Anothertypeofdepressionisbipolardisorder,whichischaracterizedbycyclingmoodchanges:

severehighs（mania）andlows（depression）.Sometimesthemoodswitchesaredramaticandrapid,butmostoftentheyaregradual.Wheninthedepressedcycle,anindividualcanhaveanyorallofthesymptomsofadepressivedisorder.Wheninthemaniccycle,theindividualmaybeoveractive,over-talkative,andhaveagreatdealofenergy.Maniaoftenaffectsthinking,judgment,andsocialbehaviorinwaysthatcauseseriousproblemsandembarrassment.Forexample,theindividualinamanicphasemayfeelelatedandfullofgrandschemesthatmightrangefromunwisebusinessdecisionstoromanticsprees.

2.SymptomsofDepression

Depressionischaracterizedbyanumberofcommonsymptoms.Noteveryonewhoisdepressedormanicexperienceseverysymptom.Somepeopleexperienceafewsymptoms,somemany.Severityofsymptomsvarieswithindividualsandalsovariesovertime.

●Persistentsad,anxious,or“empty”mood

●Feelingsofhopelessness,pessimism

●Feelingsofguilt,worthlessness,helplessness

●Lossofinterestorpleasureinhobbiesandactivitiesthatwereonceenjoyed

●Decreasedenergy,fatigue,being“sloweddown”

●Difficultyconcentrating,remembering,ormakingdecisions

●Insomnia,early-morningawakening,oroversleeping

●Appetiteand/orweightlossorovereatingandweightgain

●Thoughtsofdeathorsuicide;suicideattempts

●Restlessness,irritability

●Persistentphysicalsymptomsthatdonotrespondtotreatment,suchasheadaches,digestivedisordersandchronicpain

3.RiskFactorsofDepression

Whiledepressioncanstrikeanyoneatanytime,researchhasidentifiedseveralfactorsassociatedwithanincreasedriskfordepression:

FamilyHistory—Havinganimmediatefamilymemberwithdepressionincreasestheriskofdevelopingdepression.Othermentalillnesses,suchasalcoholisminfamilymembers,canalsoincreasetheriskfordepression.

EarlyChildhoodExperience—Earlychildhoodtrauma,suchaslossofaparentbeforeadolescence,childneglect,physical,emotionalabuse,andparentaldivorcearealllinkedtoincreasedriskforadultdepression.

Stress—Negativelifeevents,suchasdivorce,lossofalovedoneorlossofemploymentareassociatedwithincreaseddepression.Researchshowsthatchronicstresses（suchasillness,lackofsocialsupportandnumerous“dailyhassles”）arealsolinkedtodepression.

Alcohol—Depressionandalcoholismisoftenseeninthesamepatientsatthesametime.Alcoholisadepressantdruganditspresenceinadepressedpersonhasseriousimplicationsfortreatmentoutcome.

Residence—Depressionseemstobehigherinurbanresidentsthaninruralresidents.Infact,onestudyfoundthatdepressionwastwiceascommonamongcitydwellersasamongthosewholivedinruralareas.

MaritalStatus—Depressionishighestamongdivorced,separated,orco-habitatingpeople.Itislowestamongsingleandmarriedpeople.Peoplelivingalonehavehigherratesofdepressionthanthoselivingwithothersdo.

WorkStatus—Researchshowsthatpeopleunemployedforsixmonthsormoreinthelastfiveyearshadarateofdepressionthreetimesthatofthegeneralpopulation.

PhysicalIllness—Certainphysicalillnessesareassociatedwithdepression,suchasthyroiddisorder,hormonalimbalances,chronicviralinfections,cancerandheartdiseases.

Gender—Itisestimatedthatoneoutofeveryfourwomenandoneoutofeverytenmenexperiencesometypeofdepressionduringtheirlifetime.Whilewomensufferfromdepressionmoreoftenandattemptsuicidemorefrequently,menaremoresuccessfulintheirsuicideattempts.Womenalsosufferfromuniqueformsofdepressionrelatedtotheiruniquebiologyandlifeexperiences.

Age—Mostpeopleexperiencetheirfirstepisodeofdepressionbetweentheagesof20and40.Infact,theaverageageofonsetofdepressionisthemid-20s.Alarmingly,recentresearchshowsthattheaverageageofonsetisdecreasingwitheachgeneration.Children,adolescentsandelderlypersonsoftendisplayuniquesymptomsofdepressionandhavespecificstressfuleventsthatpredisposethemtodepression.

Ethnicandculturalgroups—TheWorldHealthOrganizationnameddepressionthefourthmostdevastatingillnessintheworldtodayandpredictedthatitwouldbecomethesecondrankedillnessby2020.Noethnicorculturalgroupisimmune.Whiledepressionoccursataboutthesamerateindifferentgroups,ethnicandculturaldifferencesoftenimpactthewaysinwhichtheirmembersexpresstheirfeelingsandtheirwillingnesstoseektreatment.

Tobacco—Increasedtobaccousehasbeennotedindepressedpersonsandindividualswithunderlyingorcurrentdepressivesymptomsarelikelytoexperiencemooddisturbanceswhentheyattempttoquit.

4.TreatmentsforDepression

Fortunately,therearemanyeffectivetreatmentoptionsfordepression.Tobemosteffective,treatmentshouldbespecificallytailoredtoeachindividual.Thatiswhyadetailedinterviewbyamentalhealthprofessionalisextremelyvaluable.Establishedtreatmentsfordepressionmayinclude:

●antidepressantmedications

●psychotherapy（alsoknownas“talktherapy”or“counseling”）

Allofthesetreatmentshavebeenshowntotreatdepressionsuccessfully.Thechoiceoftreatmentwillbedeterminedbyseveralfactors,includingthetypeandseverityofdepression,byprevioustreatmenthistory,andpatientpreference.Acombinationofmedicationsandpsychotherapyisusedtotreatmostpatients,althoughmildformsofdepressionmaybetreatedwithpsychotherapyalone.

Effectivetreatmentisbasedonanaccurateassessment,whichidentifiesthecausesofdepressioninanyperson.Usuallydepressionisaresultofbiological,psychologicalandsocialfactors,andaneffectivetreatmentplanisonethatidentifiesalloftheseanddevelopsstrategiestoreducetheirfrequencyandintensity.

1.Howwilldepressionaffectthemajorityofpeople?

A）Directly.B）Indirectly.

C）Bothdirectlyandindirectly.

D）Eitherdirectlyorindirectly.

2.Howmanycommontypesofdepressionarediscussedinthispassage?

A）Two.B）Three.

C）Four.D）Five.

3.Bipolardisorderischaracterizedby____________.

A）acombinationofsymptoms

B）long-termsymptoms

C）cyclingmoodchanges

D）seriousproblemsandembarrassment

4.Persistentphysicalsymptomsthatdonotrespondtotreatmentmightinclude_____________.

A）feelingpessimisticB）failuretoconcentrate

C）sleeplessnessD）indigestion

5.Whatkindofpeoplearetheleastlikelytosufferfromdepression?

A）Marriedpeople.B）Separatedpeople.

C）Co-habitatingpeople.D）Divorcedpeople.

6.Whatpercentageofwomenmightsufferfromdepressionduringtheirlifetime?

A）10%.B）25%.C）40%.D）45%.

7.TheWorldHealthOrganizationpredictsthatdepressionwill____________by2020.

A）becomethefourthmostdevastatingillness

B）rankasoneofthetoptwoillnesses

C）spreadamongallpeople

D）becuredinsomecountries

8.Whiledepressionoccursataboutthesamerateindifferentgroups,_________differencesoftenimpactthewaysinwhichtheirmembersexpresstheirfeelingsandtheirwillingnesstoseektreatment.

9.Thereareestablishedtreatmentsfordepression,including_____________andpsychotherapy.

10.Aneffectivetreatmentplanfordepressionshouldidentifythesymptomsanddevelopstrategiestoreducetheir____________.

PartIIIListeningComprehension

（35minutes）

■SectionA

Directions:

Inthissection,youwillhear8shortconversationsand2longconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,oneormorequestionswillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Boththec