学年论文.docx
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学年论文.docx
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学年论文
学年论文
题 目:
从《德伯家的苔丝》看托马斯哈代
的宿命论
作 者:
黄晓霞
所在系别:
外国语系
专业年级:
2004级英语师范方向1班
指导教师:
张莉
职 称:
讲师
2007年3月20日
Year-endThesisPaper
ChongqingUniversityofArtsandScience
Hardy’sPredestinationandFatalismfromTessoftheD’Ubervilles
Candidate:
HuangXiaoxia
Supervisor:
ZhangLi
Major:
English
ForeignLanguagesDepartment
ChongqingUniversityofArtsandScience
March2007
摘要
《德伯家的苔丝》的整个故事充斥着一种悲伤的情绪,注定的命运和许许多多的偶然事件贯穿着整个小说。
本文通过分析《苔丝》作品中的宿命论考察和分析了哈代的宿命思想,认为托马斯·哈代的小说体现着一种悲情的哲学:
人类的命运似乎必然遭受着敌对和神秘的力量的控制,使人类的生活遭受着不幸。
关键词:
《德伯家的苔丝》;托马斯·哈代;宿命论;
Abstract
“ThestoryofTessoftheD’Ubervillesisfilledwithafeelingofdismalforebodinganddoom.”(黄丛笑,2005:
78)Fatefulcircumstancesandtragiccoincidencesaboundinthestory.Thispaper,exploringthepredestinationandfatalisminTessoftheD’Ubervilles,studiesHardy’spessimisticphilosophyanddiscoversthatHardybelievesmankindissubjectedtotheruleofsomehostilemysteriousfate,whichbringsmisfortuneintohumanlife.
Keywords:
TessoftheD’Ubervilles,predestination,fatalism
TableofContents
中文摘要Ⅰ
AbstractⅡ
1Introduction1
2BriefIntroductiontotheAuthor1
2.1Hardy’sBriefBiography1
2.2Hardy’sLife1
3ABriefSummaryoftheStory2
4AnalysistheMajorCharacters……………………………………….2
4.1Tess…………………………………………………………………...2
4.2AngelClare…………………………………………………………….2
4.3Alec…………………………………………………………………...3
5ThomasHardy’sPredestinationandFatalisminTessofthe
D’ubervilles…………3
5.1TwoFactorsInfluenceHardy’sPredestinationinTess……………………….3
5.1.1FamilyFactors………………………………………………………..3
5.1.2SocialandHistoricalFactors……………………………………………3
5.2TheDetailedInformationaboutPredestinationinTessofthe
D’UbervillesandAnalysis…………………………………………………4
6Conclusion………………………………………………………….......4
Bibliography……………………………………………………………..5
Acknowledgements…………….........................................……………6
Hardy’sPredestinationandFatalismfrom
TessoftheD’Ubervilles
1.Introduction
ThomasHardyisoneofmostimportantwritersinEnglishliterature.Heisconsideredthefounderofcriticalrealismin20thinBritain.ThatiswhysomanywriterswriteaboutTessoftheD’Ubervilles.Allofthemwritedifferentaspectsaboutthisnovel,suchassomethingabouttheenvironmentofWassex,thepessimisticofTess,Hardy’srealisminTessoftheD’Ubervillesandhisideasinthisnovel.Inthispaper,ImostlyfocusonHardy’spredestinationandfatalisminTessoftheD’Ubervilles.
2Abriefintroductiontotheauthor
2.1Hardy’sroughbiography
ThomasHardywas(1840---1928),novelistandpoet,isoneoftherepresentativesofEnglishcriticalrealismattheturnofthe19thcentury.HewasborninthesmalltownnearDorchesterinDorsetshire,southwestofEngland,whichhecalledWessexinhisbooks.Hisfatherwasastone-masonandloverofmusic.Hismotherwasagreatreader.Hardyinheritedbothhismother’sloveofbooksandhisfather’sloveofmusic,masteringtheviolinatanearlyage,andheusedtoplayforvillagedancesasaboy.Attheageof22,HardywenttoLondon,wherehestudiedarchitectureforfiveyearsbutatthesametimealsobecameinterestedinliteratureandphilosophy.Onhisreturntohisnativecountrysidein1867,Hardyworkedasanarchitectforseveralyears.Hisfirstattemptatliteratureprovedsuccessful.Sohegaveuparchitectureandmadeliteraturehisprofession.HisprofessiongavehimachancetoknowandmarryEmmaGifford.Hisseriesofnovels,suchas,UndertheGreenwoodTrees,theMaddingCrowdespeciallyTheReturnoftheNativeandTessoftheD’Ubervillesmakehimknowntotheworld.
2.2Hardy’slife
Behindhissuccessthereweremuchprivatesufferings.Hiswifebecameconvincedthatshehadmarriedbeneathherandwaspubliclyrudetohim;sheevenclaimedthatshehadwrittenmuchofherhusband’swork.AfteradisagreementwithThomasshediedsuddenlyin1912.ThisresultedinHardy’spoetryofvividcollectionoftheiroldlove.Besides,thehostilereceptionofhislasttwonovels,TessoftheD’UbervillesandJudetheObscure,broughtuponhimmuchabuseandaccusationsofshockingimmorality.Fromthenon,heabandonednovel-writing.In1914HardymarriedFlorenceDugdale,awomanmuchyoungerthanhim,butcharmingandsympathetic,
andcapableofreducinghisconfusedhome-lifetoorder.In1928,thislastimportantnovelistandpoetofthe19thcenturydied,ashewasabouttocelebratehis88thbirthdaybypublishinganewvolumeofhispoems.HewasburiedwithimpressiveceremoniesinPoet’sCornerinWestminsterAbbybuthisheartwasbroughtbacktohisbirthplace.
3Abriefsummaryofthestory
Oneday,apoorvillagerhearsthatheisthedescendentofanoblefamilybychance.Therefore,hesendshisbeautifulandpuredaughterTesstopayavisittorichrelativeswhoisalsothedescendentsofthenoblefamily.(Butactuallytheyhavejustbroughttheirtitleintotheclassofgentry.)TessmeetswithAlec,herso–calledcousin.Unfortunately,sheisseducedbyhim.Tessfeelsveryashamedtowhatshehasdone,sosheleavesherhomeandworksatadistantfarmandbeadairymaid.ThereshemeetsAngelClare,aclergyman’ssonwhodoesnotwanttoinherithisfather’scareerandwanttoseektheidealinaquietrurallife.Theyoungpeoplefallinloveandareengagedtoeachother.Ontheirweddingnight,TessconfessestoAngeltheaffairofAlec.AngelhimselfalsohashadaffairwithaprostituteinLondon.Butheisunabletoforgiveherandleavethenewbridealone,thengotoBrazil.Misfortuneneversinglycomes.Notbeforelong,Tess’sfatherdieandthewholefamilycatchindifficultposition.TesshastoaskAlecforhelp.Asreward,TesshastolivewithAlec.AngelreturnsfromBrazilandwantsTessback.Finally,TesskillsAlecandsheissentencedtodeath.
4Analysisofmajorcharacters
4.1Tess
TessDurbeyfieldisthemaincharacterofthebook.Throughoutthevariedlandscapesandthescenesthroughalltheseasonsoftheyear,ourattentionisfocusedonwhathappenstoher.Tessbeginsthebookaslittlemorethanachild.Inthisnovel,LoveandresponsibilityareTess’sleadingcharacteristics.Shewilldoallinherpowerforthosesheloves,underalldifficulties,andattheexpenseofherownwishes,comfortandevenherlife.Havinggotintodifficulties,herprideandguiltpreventherfromappealingforhelp,untilitistoolate.Yetsheisnotperfect.Stillyoungandinexperienced,sheidealizesAngelandacceptswhathesaysanddoeswithoutquestion.Nevertheless,Tessisindeed‘apurewoman’,lovingandtrue,tooyoungtobealwayswise,butruinedfarmorethroughthefaultofAngelthanthroughthanherown.
4.2Clare
AngelClarevalues‘intellectualliberty’morethanparentallove.Thushehasreacted
stronglyagainsttheheavilyclericalfamilytraditionsbyabandoningChristianity,andisopinionatedwithideasof‘thehonorandgloryofman.’HisleavesarethemaincausetoTess’stragedy.Heisatypicalhypocriticalintellectualinthatsociety.Inhismind,healsoconcernsmuchabouttheoldestheticstandersandlooksdownthelowerclass.Itespeciallytrueinfollowingtwoaspects,heisatraditionalrepresentativeoftheideaoffamilystatueandthemodeladvocatesinequalitybetweenmenandwomen.Inthenovel,hedeservebestronglyblamed.HeisevenworsethanAlec.
4.3Alec
Alecisthevillainofthisnovel,withhisrollingandlasciviouseye,diamondringandblackmoustachesconventionalofstagemelodrama.Heisthoroughlysensual,violentandheadstrong,anddeterminedongettinghisownwayatallcosts.HeseducesTess.Clareandhearetotallydifferenttype.Heisthepersonwecanfindinmostofthenovelsandjustasimplebadguy.
5ThomasHardy’sPredestinationandFatalisminTessoftheD’ubervilles
5.1ThetwoimportantfactorswhichinfluenceHardy’sdevelopmentofpredestinationandfatalism
5.1.1Familyfactor
Hardy’spredestinationandfatalismiscloselyknittedtohisfamilybackground.HewasborninasmalltownnearofDorchesterinDorsetshire,southwestofEngland.Whenhewasyoung,hishealthwasverypoorandhewasahome-educatedboy.Heimmersedhimselfinthebeautifullandscapeofhishometown,hearingalotoffolks,musicandpoems.Hisgrandmotherandhismotherweretwoofhismostimportantpeopleinhislife,enlightenedhiswritingstyleandideasinhisliteraryworksinlatertime.
5.2.2Socialandhistoryfactor
Hardy’sdevelopmentofpredestinationandfatalismalsoabidetothedevelopmentofthecontemporaryhistoryandsocialbackground.Whenhestudiedarchitecture,healsolikedtoreadaboutShakespeareandGreektragedy.MeanwhilehewasdeepinfluencedbySchopenhauer’sphilosophyandDarwin’sOriginofSpecies.Andgradually,hegotridoftheinfluenceofChristian.Hebelievedthatnomatterhumanbeingshowtomaketheireffort,theycannotescapefromtheirdoomeddestiny.Andhealsoheldthattheuniverseisindifferenttothefateofhumanity,evenhostiletoit,thathumanbeingsareignorantandcareless,andthattheyusuallygetthemselvesintoworsepredicamentsthattheywoulddoiftheyexercisedreasonablecaution,anddidnotalwaysblindlyhopeforthebest.Therefore,individualsareinsignificantintimeandspace.Hedefinedthiskindofsuperpower‘insidewill’.
5.2ThedetailedinformationaboutpredestinationinTessoftheD’Ubervillesandanalysis
Atthebeginningofthestory,Tess’sfatheroverhearapiecesof’uselessnews’thatheis‘thelinealrepresentativeoftheancientandknightlyfamilyofthed’Urbervilles,whoderivetheirdescentfromSirPagand’
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