职称英语.docx
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职称英语.docx
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职称英语
【阅读】
ResearchersDiscoverWhyHumansBeganWalkingUpright
Mostofus
1.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs?
Manypeoplequestionthesimplehumanactivitiesofwalkingandcarryingitems.
2.Dr.Richmondconductedtheexperimentwiththepurposeoffindingwhatmadeourancestorswalkupright.
3.Kyoto,University'sstudydiscoveredthatchimpanzees.
likedcoulanutsbetterthanoilpalmnuts.
4.WhydidthechimpanzeeswalkontwolimbsduringKyotoUniversity'sexperiment?
Becausetheywantedtocarrymorenutswithtwofreelimbs.
5.Whatcanweinferfromthereadingpassage?
Humanwalkingontwolegsdevelopedasameansofsurvival.
TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety
Inanew
1)WhatistheresultoftheresearchattheUniversityofChicago,accordingtothefirstparagraph?
Femaleteachers'confidenceintheirmathskillsisrelatedtogirl'smathskills.
2)Whatisimpliedinthethirdparagraph?
Adifficultsubjectlikemathmayaffectteachers'confidenceinteachingthesubject.
3)Accordingtotheexperiment,thoseteacherswereprobablyanxiousaboutmathwhentheyfeltuneasyreadingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.
4)Thesixthparagraphtellsusthattheresearchfindingsproveastronglinkbetweenfemaleteachers'mathanxietyandtheirfemalestudents'mathachievements.
5)DavidGearythinksthattheresearchresultsneedtoberetestedbasedonalargersample.
AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas"EcosystemEngineers"
Researchbythe
1)Whyareantscomparedtoecosystemengineers?
Becausetheiractivityaffectstheenvironment.
2)Aspredators,antspreyonsmallaswellaslargeanimals.
3)DirSanders'studycenteredonhowantsproducesuchabigimpactontheenvironment.
4)Whatdoesparagraph6tellus?
Antsbringaboutapositiveinfluencetoanareawhentheirpopulationissmall.
5)Whatstillremainsunclearaboutants,accordingtothelastparagraph?
)Howdohumanactivitiesaffectants'influenceonagivenecosystem?
ALetterfromAlan
IhavelearntofaplantobuildthreehundredhousesonthelandcalledParson'sPlacebythefootballground.Fewpeopleknowaboutthisnewplantoincreasethesizeofourtown.
1.WhyhasAlanwrittenthisletter?
Toinformotherpeopleaboutthebuilders'plans.
2.WhyisParson'sPlaceparticularlyimportant,inAlan'sopinion?
Becauseitisaplacenearthetownwherepeoplecanenjoynature.
3.Whatwillcausetrafficjams?
AbuildingonParson'sPlace.
4.Alansaysthatordinarypeoplewholiveinthetownwillprobablysoonhavelessmoney
5.WhichofthesepostershasAlanmade?
SAYNOTOHOUSESONPARSON'SPLACE
TheSahara
ThenameSaharaderivesfromtheArabicwordfor"desert"or"steppe".At3.5millionsquaremiles,anarearoughlythesizeoftheUnitedStates,theSaharaDesertinnorthernAfricaisthelargestdesertintheworld.
1.ThispassageismostlyaboutlifeintheSahara.
2.RainfallinmostoftheSaharaislessthan
LGA
001
AffectionateAndroids【补全短文】
Computersarenowpowerfulenoughtoallowtheageofhumanoidrobotstodawn,Anditwon'tbelongbeforewewillseerealisticcybercompanions,completewithskin,dexterity,andintelligence.Theywillbeprogrammedtotendtoyoureveryneed.
Willweeverwanttomarryrobots?
ArtificialintelligenceresearcherDavidLevyhaspublishedabookclaiminghuman-robotrelationshipswillbecomepopularinthenextfewdecades.Andifyouwanttogoaheadandtietheknotwithyourspecialelectronicfriend,Levysaidthatsuchmarriageswillbesociallyacceptablebyaround2050.
Willhumansreallybeabletoformdeepemotionalattachmentstomachines?
Itwill,infact,berelativelyeasytoformthesestrongattachmentsbecausethehumanmindlovestoanthropomorphize:
togivehumanattributestoothercreatures-evenobjects.
Forexample,researchersinSanDiegorecentlyputasmallhumanoidrobotinwithatoddlerplaygroupforseveralmonths.Thebotkneweachchildbecauseitwasprogrammedwithfaceandvoicerecognition,anditgiggledwhentickled.Thechildrenendeduptreatingitasafellowtoddler.Whenitlaydownbecauseitsbatterieswereflat,thekidsevencovereditwithablanket.
Inafewdecadeswhenhumanoidrobotswithplasticskinlookandfeelveryreal,willpeoplewanttoformrelationshipswiththem?
Whatifthebotscouldholdaconversation?
Andbeprogrammedtobetheperfectcompanions-soulmates,even?
Maybeyourgenerationcouldresist,buteventuallytherewillbeagenerationofpeoplewhogrowupwithhumanoidrobotsasanormalpartoflife.Andlikethosetoddlersintheexperiment,theywillbeveryacceptingofthem.
Thenextquestion,then,iswhetherthereisanythingwrongwithhavinganemotionalrelationshipwithamachine.Eventodaytherearepeoplewhoformdeepattachmentstotheirpetsandusethemassubstitutesforfriendsorevenchildren.Fewconsiderthatunethical.
Butasophisticatedrobotwillprobablybeevenmoreattractive.Forthosewhoalwaysseemtoendupmarryingthewrongmanorwoman,aroboticMr.orMs.Rightcouldbemightytempting.Asthefatherofartificialintelligence,MarvinMinsky,putitwhenaskedabouttheethicsoflonelyolderpeopleformingcloserelationshipswithrobots:
"Ifa
robothadallthevirtuesofapersonandwassmarterandmoreunderstanding,
water,particularlyrecentsedimentsorsand,canlosemuchoftheirstrengthandflowduringanearthquake.Thiscanallowstructurestoshiftorsinkorcollapse.
ButmostearthquakesaremuchshorterthantherecenteventinJapan,Ashfordsaid.ThelengthoftheJapaneseearthquake,asmuchasfiveminutes,mayforceresearcherstoreconsidertheextentofliquefactiondamagepossiblyoccurringinsituationssuchasthis8.
"Withsuchalong-lastingearthquake,wesawhowstructuresthatmighthavebeenokayafter30secondsjustcontinuedtosinkandtiltastheshakingcontinuedforseveralmoreminutes,"hesaid."Anditwasclearthatyoungersediments,andespeciallyareasbuiltonrecentlyfilledground,aremuchmorevulnerable."
ThedataprovidedbyanalyzingtheJapaneseearthquake,researcherssaid,shouldmakeitpossibletoimprovetheunderstandingofthissoilphenomenonandbetterprepareforitinthefuture.Ashfordsaiditwascriticalfortheteamtocollecttheinformationquickly,beforedamagewasremovedintherecoveryefforts9.
"There'snodoubtthatwe'lllearnthingsfromwhathappenedinJapan10that11willhelpustoreducerisksinothersimilarevents,"Ashfordsaid."Futureconstructioninsomeplacesmaymakemoreuseoftechniquesknowntoreduceliquefaction,suchasbettercompactiontomakesoilsdense,oruseofreinforcingstonecolumns."
AshfordpointedoutthatnorthernCaliforniahaveyoungersoilsvulnerabletoliquefaction---onthecoast,nearriverdepositsorinareaswithfilledground.The"young"sediments,ingeologicterms,maybethosedepositedwithinthepast10,000yearsormore.InOregon,forinstance,thatdescribesmuchofdowntownPortland,thePortlandInternationalAirportandothercities.
Anythingnearariverandoldfloodplainsisasuspect12,andtheOregonDepartmentofTransportationhasalreadyconcludedthat1,100bridgesinthestateareatriskfromanearthquake.Fewerthan15percentofthemhavebeenreinforcedtopreventcollapse.JapanhassufferedtremendouslossesintheMarch11earthquake,butJapaneseconstructionstandardshelpedpreventmanybuildingsfromcollapse---evenastheytiltedandsankintotheground.
完形
11ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities
AnewexaminationofurbanpolicieshasbeencarriedoutrecentlybyPatriciaRomeroLankao.Sheisasociologistspecializinginclimatechangeandurbandevelopment.Shewarnsthatmanyoftheworld’sfast-growingurbanareas,especiallyindevelopingcountries.willlikelysufferfromtheimpactsofchangingclimate.Herworkalsoconcludesthatmostcitiesarefailingtoreduceemissionsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases.Thesegasesareknowntoaffecttheatmosphere.”Climatechangeisadeeplylocalissueandposesprofoundthreatstothegrowingcitiesoftheworld,”saysRomeroLankao.”Buttoofewcitiesaredevelopingeffectivestrategiestoprotecttheirresidents."
Citiesaremajorsourcesofgreenhousegases.Andurbanpopulationsarelikelytobeamongthosemostseverelyaffectedbyfutureclimatechange.Lankao’sfindings highlightwaysinwhichcity-residentsareparticularlyvulnerable,andsuggestpolicyinterventionsthatcouldofferimmediateandlonger-term benefits .
Thelocationsanddenseconstructionpatternsofcitiesoftenplacetheirpopulationsatgreaterriskfornaturaldisasters.Potential threats associatedwithclimateincludestormsurgesand prolongedhotweather.Stormsurgescanfloodcoastalareasandprolongedhotweathercanheat heavily pavedcitiesmorethansurroundingareas.Theimpactsofsuchnaturaleventscanbemoreseriousinanurbanenvironment.Forexample,aprolongedheatwavecanincreaseexisting levelsofairpollution,causing widespreadhealthproblems.Poorerneighborhoodsthat may lack basicfacilitiessuchasdrinkingwateroradependablenetworkofroads,areespeciallyvulnerabletonaturaldisasters.Manyresidentsinpoorercountriesliveinsubstandardhousing without accesstoreliabledrinkingwater,roadsandbasicservices.
Localgovernments, therefore,shouldtakemeasurestoprotecttheirresidents.”Unfortunately,theytendtomovetowardsrhetoricratherthan meaningfulresponses, RomeroLankaowrites,”Theydon’timposeconstructionstandardsthatcouldreduceheatingandairconditioningneeds.Theydon'temphasizemasstransitandreduce aut
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