动词的时态和语态.docx
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动词的时态和语态.docx
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动词的时态和语态
第七讲动词的时态和语态
I.时态
.一般现在时
1.表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态。
always/usually/often/sometimes/seldom/never/everyday/
onSundays/inthemorning/once(twice)aweek/rarely/at(over)weekends
2.表示现在的情况或状态。
MyparentsliveinHK.Theywerebornthereandhaveneverlivedanywhere.
3.主将从现。
e.g.MyparentshavepromisedtocometoseemebeforeIleaveforAfrica.
ThecompanywillcallmeassoonasIgetback.
Hewon’tbeginthemeetinguntilourteacherarrives.
Providingnoonehasanyfurtherquestions,themeetingwillbeover.
Iwillcareforalltheflowerswhileyouareaway.
4.一般现在时代替将来时:
(1)表示日历、时刻表、规定或安排将要发生的动作。
leave/go/come/start/begin/return/run/stay/
do/stop/arrive/open/close/fall/takeoff/takeplace/depart
e.g.WeleaveLondonon15thJuly,andwe’llbeflyingtoMorocco,innorthernAfrica.
Theplanetakesoff/departsat9tomorrowmorning.
Thefinalexam/tryouttakesplaceinDec.
TomorrowisSaturdayagain.
MybirthdayfallsonMay2.
(2)I/Wehope/bet+宾语从句
e.g.Wehopethatourchildrencarryonourfamilytraditions.
IbetIgettherebeforeyou.
(3)Idon’tcare/Idon’tmind/Itdoesn’tmatter+句子
e.g.Itdoesn’tmatterwhenyouarrive–justcomewhenyoucancome.
Idon’tcarewhatwehavefordinnerifIdon’thavetocook.
(4)小说、故事中:
Thegirlwalksmoreandmoreslowlyandfinallyfallsover.
(5)表示客观真理、科学事实、格言以及其它不受时间限制的客观存在。
e.g.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest.
ShanghailiesintheeastofChina.
Oneswallowdoesnotmakeasummer.
(6)表示主语具备的性格、能力和特征。
ChangjiangRiverisoneofthelongestriversintheworld.
(7)在习惯表达中,用一般现在时表示正发生的动作:
Herecomes/Theregoes+n.
e.g.Herecomesthebus.
Look,herefliesasparrow.
Theregoestheball.
(8)表示状态或感觉的动词当表示正在发生的具体行为时,用一般现在时。
be/like/hate/want/hope/need/know/remember/understand/feel/think/look/see/have
e.g.Ifeelpaininmychest.
Thecoatfitsmeverywell.
Istillrememberthatdaywhenyouwerehere.
.一般过去时
1.表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态。
yesterday/lastyear/in2000/twodaysago/justnow/
afewdaysago/thedaybefore/atthattime/atthatmoment/intheolddays/theotherday
e.g.Scientistshavemanytheoriesabouthowtheuniversecameintobeing.
2.表示过去经常或反复发生的动作以及过去的习惯。
often/usually/sometimes/always/usedtodo/woulddo
e.g.IwenttothecinemaonceaweekwhenIwasatschool.
Heplayedfootballregularlyformanyyearswhenhewasyoung.
Ialwaysgotuptoolate,andneverhadenoughtimeforbreakfast.
Wewouldturntohimforhelpwhenwewereintrouble.
Theyusedtoworktogether.
3.表示过去时间内连续发生的几个动作。
Hecheckedtheevidence,readthearticleandpasseditontothecopy–editor.
4.主将从现
Melissatoldmethatassoonasshearrived,shewouldringmeup.
5.用于叙述无具体时间的过去的动作或情况。
Iwasbroughtupbymygrandparentsinthecountry.
Couldyourepeatyourphonenumberagain?
IwasgladtoreceiveyourletterofMarch8.
6.叙述某一动作或状态在过去继续了一段时间后终止,或在过去某一段时间发生的次数。
Julieworkedinthisfactoryfor5years.
IwenttotheWestLaketwicelastyear.
7.叙述过去有过或无有过的经过,常与ever/never/once等连用。
Suchagoodchanceneveroccurredtome.
8.有时也与现在关系较为密切的时间状语连用:
today/this+时间n.
Didyouseemywatchthismorning.
9.追述逝去的人或事。
ThebookwaswrittenbyLuXun.
10.表示说话人原来未料到的事。
Ithoughtthefilmwouldbeinteresting,butitisn’t.
11.用于间接引语中表过去将来的动作。
Hetoldmethatimmediatelyshearrived,shewouldringmeup.
12.since从句通常用一般现在时。
Theyhavebeenfriendseversincetheywereingradeschool.
.一般将来时
㈠will/shalldosth.
1.表示将来的动作或状态。
无主观性,是“纯粹的将来”。
tomorrow/tonight/thedayaftertomorrow/
nexttime(day,year,month,week)/tomorrowevening/thisafternoon/beforelong/inthefuture/later(on)/in+段时间/bytheendofthisterm/thisSunday
e.g.Populationexpertspredictthatmostpeoplewillliveincitiesinthenearfuture
LaterIshalltellyouaboutsomeoftheworkIhavedone.
ItwillbeChristmassoon.
Wewon’tbefreeuntil7thisevening.
2.表示事先没有思考或没计划过的意图,表示临时决定做某事。
--Didyoutellhimabouttheresult?
--Oh,no.Iforget.Iwillcallhernow.
Iwillanswerthedoor.
Ifitisfine,wewillgofishing.
3.will表明说话人的观点、主观意愿。
Ihopeitwillbewarmtomorrow.
4.根据一般常理,说话人认为必然会发生。
Iwill/shallseeyoutomorrowaboutthenewplan.
Thecatwillscratchyouifyoupullhertail.
5.表示规律性的“注定会、必然会”,表示一种趋向。
Iwill/shallbefortynextyear.
Wewilldiewithoutairorwater.
Thedoorwon’topen
Oilwillfloatonwater.
Youwillregretforeverifyoulosethechance.
6.will表习惯或特性,带有主观性。
Theoldmanisstrange.Hewillsitforhourswithoutsayinganything.
Annwillkeepaskingsillyquestions.
WewillsitaroundGrandpaaftersupper,listeningtohisstories.
7.主观推测“一定会,大概会发生”,有时用“主语+feel/besure/think/suppose/guess/expect/
believe/beafraid/daresay或由probably/perhaps/possibly/surely表推测。
(Ithink)TomandJanewillgetmarried.
(I’mafraid)Nobodywilldosuchajobwithsolittlepay.
8.表将来经常或反复发生的动作。
I’llcometoseeyoueveryweekend.
Hewilldothesamethingagainandagainuntilhecandoitwell.
9.主将从现:
主句为将来时、祈使句、含情态动词。
不用begoingtodo.
Iwillletyouknowwhenhearrives.
Ifyoudothatagain,Iwillpunishyou.
Tellmewhenhecomes.
Idon’tthinkyoushoulddothatuntilyouhavefoundanotherjob.
10.will/shall作为情态动词的用法:
(1)表“意愿、决定、决心(自愿做或主动提出做什么)”,此时无论主语是第几人称皆用will,won’t“不愿意”
Iwillstudyhardtokeepupwiththem.
Ifyouwillreadthebook,I’lllendittoyou.
I’msuretheywillcomeandhelpus.
AskAnnifshewilltakethem.
Ihaveaskedherbutshewon’tcome.
DoctorGreenwillseeyounow.
Iwillneverdothatagain.
(2)Willyou/Wouldyou/Won’tyoudosth?
Willyoucomeinforawhile?
Won’tyoucomeinandtakeaseat?
(加强语气)
Wouldyouopenthewindow,please?
(3)will用于第三人称表推测。
Thiswillbethewatchyouhavelost.
There’ssomebodycomingupthestairs.ThatwillbeMary.
(4)shall用于第一、三人称的问句中表征求对方的意见。
Shallwebeginourclass?
Whenshallhebeabletoleavethehospital?
WhatshallIgetfordinner?
(5)shall用于第二、三人称,will用于第一人称表说话人给予听话人的将来承诺。
Youshallhavethebook.
Bepatientenough,Iwillsendyouthestampsbyemailassoonaspossible.(Ipromiseto)
(6)shall用于第二、三人称,will用于第一人称表说话人给对方的许诺、命令、警告、威胁。
Youshallfailifyoudon’tworkhard.
HeshallhavethebookwhenIfinishreadingit.
TellJerrythatheshallgetagiftifhe’snice.
Wewillreportyoutothepoliceifthisistrue.
Youshallregretforwhatyou’vedone.
(7)shall用于第三人称,在条约、规定、法令等文件中表义务或规定,“应该,必须”。
Theschoolrulesstatethatnochildshallbeallowedoutoftheschoolduringtheday,unlessaccompaniedbyanadult.
Thosebelongingstoourclubshallwearuniforms.
㈡begoingtodo
1.打算做某事或即将发生的事,这种打算往往经过事先考虑,甚至已做了某种准备,有一定的计划性。
Wandaisgoingtobeadentistwhenhegrowsup.
I’mgoingtokeepaskingheruntilshesaysyes.
Becareful!
Thebranchisgoingtobreak.
2.说话人根据客观现象及现在的迹象进行主观判断,“预测”不久即将发生的事,常带有“想,猜想”的动词:
believe/think/guess/feel/besure/beafraid/suppose/reckon
e.g.It’sgoingtorainsoon.
There’sgoingtobealotofpeopleatthemeeting.
Isshegoingtocollectanydataforus?
IfeelI’mgoingtomakeprogresswithher.
㈢beabouttodo:
指马上就要发生,不与将来时间状语连用。
benotabouttodo:
不愿做
e.g.Themeetingisabouttostartverysoon.
TheBlacksareabouttomoveaway.
Wearenotabouttostayhereforanotherday.
㈣betodo
1.按计划、安排即将发生的动作,往往是由别人做出的,是限于受别人意志控制的将来事情。
Ameetingistobeheldat3thisafternoon.
Thenewbridgeistoopentotrafficin3days.
We’retostayatschooltostudycomputersduringthesummerholiday.
2.表“吩咐、职责、义务、命令、约定、禁止”,相当于must/may,语气较强,但仍具有将来时间的作用。
benottodo=mustn’t
You’retostayhomeuntilyourmothercomesback.
Youaren’ttogooutalone.
YouaretohandinthecompositiononMonday.
WearetodiscussthereportnextSunday.
3.询问说话人的意见。
What’stobedone?
AmItogoon?
4.用于条件、时间状语从句中。
Ifwearetobeatthestationby10,wemustgonow.
5.was/weretohavedone表未完成的计划。
Iwastohavefinishedthearticlelastweek.
㈤beonthepointofsth./doingsth.“正处于关键深刻;正要做”
Weshouldn’tquit.Weareonthepointofmakingit/succeeding.
㈥一般现在时代替将来时:
begin/stop/come/go/leave/arrive
Thetrainleavesat9o’clock.
Theflighttakesoffat7p.m.
㈦进行时代替将来时:
come/go/stay/leave/start/arrive
I’mcoming.
Heisleaving.
.现在进行时
1.表此时此刻正在进行的动作。
now/atthe(this)moment/atthistime/rightnow/atpresent
Nowsheisplanningourscheduleforthetrip.
2.表示现阶段正在进行的动作(说话时不一定正在进行)。
Thesedays/thismonth(term,semester)
e.g.Wushu,aChinesemartialart,isstilltryingtogetintotheOlympics.
Teenagersaredamagingtheirhealthbecausetheyplaycomputergamestoomuch.
I’mnotdoinganythingatpresent/thesedays.
Ihavetogotoworkbytaxibecausemycarisbeingrepairedatthegarage.
I’mtakingupfourcoursesthisterm.
3.用always/continually/constantly/frequently/forever表感情色彩。
e.g.Whyareyoualwayscominglateforclass?
He’sconstantlychanginghermind.
Thatsonofyoursisalwaysmakingtrouble.
4.进行表将来:
go/leave/come/start/arrive/return/stay/take/do/have/wear/work/sleep/play/stop/be
e.g.---Areyoustillbusy?
---Yes,Iamjustfinishingmywork,anditwon’ttakelong.
Areyoudoinganythingtomorrowafternoon?
We’regettingmarriedonApril10thisyear.
We’rehavingafewgueststonight.
Thepricesforvegetablesaregoinguptowardstheendoftheyear.
Becausetheshopisclosingdown,alltheT-shirtsaresoldathalfprice.
Whatareyoudoingafterclass?
5.look
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