产业集群文献回顾外文翻译可编辑.docx
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产业集群文献回顾外文翻译可编辑.docx
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产业集群文献回顾外文翻译可编辑
产业集群文献回顾外文翻译
外文翻译
原文
IndustryClusterLiteratureReview
MaterialSource:
Plan261:
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UrbanandRegionalDevelopment,March1998Author:
JessicaLeVeen
IndustryClusterDefinition
ThemajorityoftheliteratureonindustryclustersisfocusedontheactualdefinitionofaclusterTheverybasicdefinitionofanindustryclusteris“geographicalconcentrationsofindustriesthatgainperformanceadvantagesthroughco-locationDoeringerandTerkla1995,pg.225.”?
Thisdefinitionofclustersissimilartothatofagglomerationeconomies,butinfact,itiswithinindustryclustersthatagglomerationeconomiesarelikelytobeobservedBeyondthebasicdefinition,however,thereislittleconsensusonhowtodefineanindustrycluster?
MichaelPorterpopularizedtheconceptofindustryclustersishisbookTheCompetitiveAdvantageofNations1990Porterdevelopedthe“DiamondofAdvantage,”whichisfourfactorshedeterminedcreateacompetitiveadvantageforfirmsThefourcornersofthediamondincludefactorconditions,demandconditions,industrystrategy/rivalry,andrelatedandsupportingindustriesPorterusedthisdiamondtodeterminewhichfirmsandindustrieshadcompetitiveadvantages,andhisemphasisoftheimportanceofrelatedandsupportingindustriesencouragedinterestinclustersWhilehisoriginalthesiswasappliedtonationsasawhole,PorterrecognizedthatthemajorityofeconomicactivitytakesplaceattheregionallevelThus,hisideasarecommonlyappliedtocitiesandregions
ThebulkofPorter’sthesisdealswiththecompetitiveadvantagesofclusteringforindustriesThisaspectofhisworkisdiscussedintheSectionIIIPorterprovidesasimpledefinitionoftwotypesofclusters:
verticalclusters,andhorizontalclustersVerticalclustersaremadeupofindustriesthatarelinkedthroughbuyer-sellerrelationshipsHorizontalclustersincludeindustrieswhichmightshareacommonmarketfortheendproducts,useacommontechnologyorlaborforceskills,orrequiresimilarnaturalresourcesPorter1990?
JacobsandDeMan1996andRosenfeld1996,1997presentmorein-depthdiscussionsofthedifferentdefinitionsofindustryclusters,althoughtheseauthorsalsousethedefinitionsofverticalandhorizontalclustersasthebasisfortheirdefinitionsJacobsandDeMan1996,pg.425arguethat“thereisnotonecorrectdefinitionoftheclusterconcept…differentdimensionsareofinterest.”?
TheyexpandfromthedefinitionsoftheverticalandhorizontalindustryclusterstoidentifykeydimensionsthatmaybeusedtodefineclustersTheseincludethegeographicorspatialclusteringofeconomicactivity,horizontalandverticalrelationshipsbetweenindustrysectors,useofcommontechnology,thepresenceofacentralactori.e.,alargefirm,researchcenter,etc.,andthequalityofthefirmnetwork,orfirmcooperationJacobsandDeMan1996
Inadditiontoverticalandhorizontalrelationships,Rosenfeld1997includescriteriafordefiningacluster,includingthesizeofthecluster,theeconomicorstrategicimportanceofthecluster,therangeofproductsproducedorservicesused,andtheuseofcommoninputsHedoesnotencouragedefiningclustersexclusivelybythesizeoftheconstituentindustriesorthescaleofemployment,pointingoutthatmanyeffectiveclustersarelocatedinsmallinter-relatedindustrieswhichdonotnecessarilyhavepronouncedemploymentconcentrationsAccordingtoRosenfeld1997pg.10,anindustryclusteris:
?
“ageographicallyboundedconcentrationofsimilar,relatedorcomplementarybusinesses,withactivechannelsforbusinesstransactions,communicationsanddialogue,thatsharespecializedinfrastructure,labormarketsandservices,andthatarefacedwithcommonopportunitiesandthreats.”?
Rosenfeld’sdefinitionclearlyemphasizestheimportanceheplacesontheroleofsocialinteractionandfirmcooperationindeterminingthedynamicnatureofacluster.
IdentificationofIndustryClustersThevaryingdefinitionsofindustryclustershelpsexplainthedifferingargumentsregardingthemethodologytoidentifyclustersOneofthecommonapproachestoidentifyingclustersisbasedonquantitativetechniques,includinglocationquotientsandinput-outputI-OanalysesRosenfeld1997Thesetoolshelpidentifyrelativeconcentrationsofindustriesintheregion,aswellasidentifythebuyer-sellerlinkagesindifferentindustrysectors.MichaelPorterreliedheavilyonthistypeofanalysistoformthebasisofhisinternationalstudyofindustryclustersI-Oanalysesandotherquantitativetoolswerealsothebasisforidentifyingclustersinseveralotherstudies,includingtheTwinCitiesIndustryClusterProjectStateandLocalPolicyProgram1998andUNC-ChapelHill’sstudyofNorthCarolina’sindustriesBergman,FeserandSweeney1996?
ThequantitativeapproachtowardsidentifyingindustryclustersisgenerallyregardedasacriticalcomponentofaclusteranalysisThistypeofanalysiswillprovideaninitialtoolforidentifyingpotentialclustersandwillindicatetherelativepresenceofdifferentindustriesinthelocalregionAnI-Oanalysisisespeciallyusefulintheanalysisofavertically-integratedcluster,whenthebuyer-sellerlinkagesaremoreobviousHowever,thequantitativeanalysisdoesnotaddresswhetherrelationshipsreallyexistbetweentheindividualfirms,anditdoesnotaccountforotherfactorsbeyondtheproduct-marketrelationships,suchasindustrycollaborationandinformationflowDoeringerandTerkla1995,JacobsandDeMan1996,Rosenfeld1996,1997“Althoughinter-industrytransactionsincorporatedwithinproductionchannelscansometimesbedetectedininput-outputtables,neitherthecharacterorrelationshipsamongfirmsnorthebenefitsofclusteringcanbediscernedinthiswayDoeringerandTerkla1995,pg.228.”Thereisageneralconsensusintheliteraturethatinordertotrulyidentifyindustryclustersitisnecessarytoconductaqualitativeanalysisinadditiontothequantitativeanalysis.Surveysandinterviewsofkeyindustryrepresentativeswillhelpexpandanunderstandingofthebuyer-supplierrelationships,aswellasfurtheridentifyingcommonaltiesbetweenindustriesi.e.,workforceorinfrastructureneeds,ortechnologiesusedTheuseofthequalitativeanalysiswillbothconfirmthefindingsofthequantitativeanalysis,aswellashelpidentifypotentialindustryclustersthatmayhavebeenoverlookedbytheconventionaldataanalysisDoeringerandTerkla1995,JacobsandDeMan1996,Sternberg1991,StateandLocalPolicyProgram1998
FactorsDrivingIndustryClusterGrowthandDevelopmentThefactorswhichdriveindustryclusterdevelopmentandgrowtharealsothesubjectofdebateintheliteratureIngeneral,businesseslocatewhereitmakesthegreatesteconomicsense,eitherintermsofaccessingthemarketfortheirproduct,thelaborpool,orrequiredresourcesThebasicfactorsthatdriveindustryclusteringareverysimilartothefactorsthatencourageurbanorlocationalagglomerationeconomiesAsstatedbyDoeringerandTerkla,“Thepresenceofpositiveexternalitiesexplainstheclusteringprocess,whereasspecificlocationsitesforeachclusterdependoneither‘historicalaccident’orthecostadvantagesprovidedbyimmobilefactorsthatattractedthefirmsanchoringtheclusterDoeringerandTerkla1995,pg.226.”?
Whilethereisconsensusamongtheresearchersthatfirmswillclusterbecausetheyreceivesometypeofbenefit,thefactorsthatcreatethosebenefitsaredebated?
MichaelPorter1990arguescompetitionisadrivingforcebehindclusterdevelopmentClusteringisadynamicprocess,andasonecompetitivefirmgrows,itgeneratesdemandforotherrelatedindustriesAstheclusterdevelopsitbecomesamutuallyreinforcingsystemwherebenefitsflowbackwardsandforwardsthroughouttheindustriesintheclusterPorterarguesthatitisthecompetitionbetweenrivalfirmsintheclusterthatdrivesgrowthbecauseitforcesfirmstobeinnovativeandtoimproveandcreatenewtechnologyThis,inturn,leadstonewbusinessspin-offs,stimulatesR&D,andforcestheintroductionofnewskillsandservicesBecausemanyoftheindustrieswithintheclusteremployasimilarlaborforce,thelaborforcecanfreelymovetootherrelatedfirmswithinthecluster,thustransferringknowledgetonewfirms,andcontinuingtopromotecompetitionandthereforegrowthThisgrowthcaneitherleadtoincreasingtheverticalintegrationofthecluster,oritcanleadtothehorizontalintegrationofthesector.?
Increasedverticalintegrationoccursasthedivisionoflaborgetsmorespecialized,andnewfirmsareabletofillthenewnichemarketsHorizontalclusteringoccursasthenewtechnologyandlaborskillsareappliedtorelatedindustriesindifferentsectorsPorterpointstoSiliconValleyasanexampleofhowcompetitionhasspurredthehorizontalclusteringprocess?
Thereareseveralotherkeyfactorsthatarediscussedintheliteraturethatcontributetoclusterdevelopment.DoeringerandTerkla1995citethebenefitsofagglomerationeconomiesobservedinindustryclustersasonefactorleadingtoclusterdevelopmentFirmslocatinginclosespatialproximitybenefitfromlowertransportationandtransactioncosts,aswellasaccesstoaskilledlaborforceAgglomerationeconomiescanalsospurcompetition,whichencouragesinformation,knowledge,andtechnologytransferamongrelatedfirmsThetransferofknowledgeandtechnologyamongfirmscanleadtonewindustrygrowth,andthereforehelpsdrivetheoverallgrowthofthecluster?
Face-to-faceinteractionisalsocitedinseveralofthesourcesasacriticalfactorinclusterdevelopmentDoeringerandTerkla1995,Rosenfeld1997Thisinteractionismostbeneficialtosmall,specializedfirmswhichhavet
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