中英礼貌用语的语用学分析研究.docx
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中英礼貌用语的语用学分析研究.docx
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中英礼貌用语的语用学分析研究
摘要
“面子”理论和礼貌原则是语用学用于解释话语含义的两条重要原则。
由于中西方文化价值取向不同,交际中对礼貌语言的语用原则的取舍也存在很大差异,因此有必要对中西方文化下的礼貌语用现象进行对比研究,这不仅能扩大比较研究的领域,也能有助于得体的运用礼貌语言,提高跨文化交际能力。
本文共分六章。
第一章,第二章,对礼貌用语的定义作了介绍及礼貌用语的分类。
第三章,介绍了本文的研究理论基础即Brown和Levinson的“面子”理论,以及Leech的礼貌原则。
第四章,回顾了中西方学者对礼貌用语及礼貌原则做出的研究,并揭示了礼貌用语与语用学研究的关系。
第五章,说明了本文作者对语用原则的理论的取舍的原因,并对招呼及对称赞的回答两类礼貌用语做出分析。
第六章,总结本文研究的结果及启示。
关键词:
“面子”理论;礼貌原则;礼貌用语;
ABSTRACT
The“face”theoryandpolitenessprinciplearewidelyknownpragmaticprincipleusedtointerprettheliteralsense.English—peakingandChineseculturearedifferentinthechoiceofpragmaticprinciplesasthedifferentsenseofvalue.Therefore,thisthesisaimstocomparethepragmaticphenomenainEnglish-speakingandChinesecultureinthehopeofbroadeningthefieldofcomparativestudyandhelpingpeopletocommunicateappropriatelyincross-culturecommunication.
Thispaperfallsintofivechapters.TheChapterOneandChapterTwointroducethedefinitionandcategoriesofpoliteness.
ChapterThreespecifiesBrownandLevinson's“face”theoryandLeech'spolitenessprinciple,alltogetherformingthetheoreticalfoundationsofthepresentthesis.ChapterFourreviewsthemajorresearchesonpolitenessandpolitenessprincipledonebyscholarsinWestandinDomestic.Andpointouttherelationbetweenpolitenesslanguageandpragmaticresearch..
ChapterFivereadsthereasonwhytheauthorchoosethistheory,anddoaanalysisofgreetingandresponsetocomplimentwhichstandfortwocategoriesofpolitenesslanguageuse.
Thelastchapterdrawsaconclusionofthethesisandpointoutitsmeaning.Keywords:
”Face”theorypolitenessprincipal。
politenessIanguage
Contents
1.Introduction1
2.Definitionandcategoriesofpoliteness3
2.1Definitionofpoliteness3
2.2Categoriesofpolitenesslanguage3
3.Theoreticalframeworkonpoliteness5
3.1BrownandLevinson's"Face"theory5
3.2Leech'spolitenessprinciple5
4.Researchonpolitenessonbroadandathome8
4.1Researchonpolitenessinwest8
4.2Domesticreaschonpoliteness8
4.3Relationbetweenpragmaticsandpoliteness9
5.Analysisforpoliteness10
5.1Analysisforpolitenessingreeting11
5.2Analysisforpolitenessinresponsetocompliment15
6.Conlusion18
Acknowledgements19
References20
1.Introduction
Asasocialphenomenon,politenesscanbeobservedinalllanguagesandcultures,andithaslongbeenanimportantobjectofstudyinlinguistics.Itcanbeexpressedverballyandnon-verbally,butinthisstudy,onlylinguisticpolitenessisdiscussed。
thatis,thewayspeopleexpresspolitenessverballythroughtheiruseoflanguage.Asacommonsocialphenomenon,politenessisnotonlyauniversallyhighlyvaluedvirtue,butalsoawidelyemployedstrategytorealizetactfulandeffectivecommunication.
Weviewpolitenessasoneofthemajorsocialconstraintsonhumaninteractionanditregulatesparticipants'communicativebehaviorbyconstantlyremindingthemtotakeintoconsiderationthefeelingsoftheothers.Itisnecessarytoconsidertheirfeelingssoastoestablishlevelsofmutualcomfortandpromoterapport,whichinturnaccelerateandfacilitatehumancommunication.Wemaintainthatpolitenessisalinguisticuniversalbywhichwemean:
1>Linguisticpolitenessexistsinalllanguages.2>Politenessconsiderationsregulateeveryhumanspeaker'sverbalbehaviorinsocialinteraction.
Ontheonehand,politenesspervadeshumaninteractionsandplaysanimportantroleintheface-to-facecommunication.Itisnotsimplyameansofconveyinginformation,butamoreimportantmeansofestablishing,maintainingandenhancingsocialrelationships,andhenceitfacilitatessocialinteractions.Ontheotherhand,withtherapiddevelopmentofmoderneconomy,scienceandtechnology,theglobeseemstobecomesmallerandsmaller,anditisgettingmoreandmorefrequentthatpeoplefromdifferentcountriesgetintouchwitheachother.People,whomeettogetherforthevariouspurposessuchasbusiness,culturalexchanges,traveling,maycomefromdifferentcountries,forexample,fromChinaandfromEnglish-speakingcountries.Thentheirknowledgeofcultures,socialnorms,values,customsandhabitsandsoonarecertainlydifferent,andhencetheirrealizationsofpolitenessstrategiesmaybedifferent.Allthesemaybringthemsomemisunderstandingsintheprocessofcommunication,especiallyinapplicationofpolitenessstrategies.
Therefore,apragmaticperspectivestudyofpolitenesslanguageinEnglishandChinesebecomesrathermoreimperative.ItisimportantthatweshouldnoticetheuniversalpolitenessawarenessbetweenEnglishandChinese.BasedontheuniversalsignificanceofBrownandLevinson's"Face"TheoryandtheLeech'sPolitenessPrinciple,theauthorinthispaperwanttomakepeoplestrengthentheawarenessofthepolitenessuseinourdailycommunication.AlthoughalotofcontrastiveresearchofpolitenesslanguageinEnglishandChinese,theauthorbelievethatthissimplepragmaticperspectivestudyonpolitenesslanguagealsoplayaimportantrole.
2.Definitionandcategoriesofpoliteness
2.1Definitionofpoliteness
Whatispoliteness?
Thissoundslikeasimpleandnaivequestion.Itseemsthatwehavewellunderstoodthisconceptandthatitisalltooeasyforustogivepilesofexamplesofpolitebehaviorinourdailylife.However,itisnoteasytogiveasatisfactorydefinitionforpoliteness.Skimmingthroughtheliteratureonthestudiesofpoliteness,wecanfindalackofunanimousagreementastowhatisunderstoodaslinguisticpoliteness.Differentlinguistsandscholarsgivetheirdifferentinterpretationsofpoliteness.
Ontheonehand,allthediscussionsbetweendifferentlinguistsandscholarsconfirmtheuniversalfeatureofpoliteness.Speakersofalllanguagesandmembersofallculturesuniversallyholdthenotionofpoliteness。
itcanbeobservedinallhumaninteractions.Ontheotherhand,thisdiscussionalsoshowsthedifferencesindefiningorperceivingpoliteness.Onthewhole,Westernlinguiststendtoregardpolitenessasawaytoavoidoffensesandmaintainsocialdistanceaswellassociallubricantofreducinginterpersonalfriction。
whileChinesescholarshaveatendencytostresstheassociationofpolitenesswithsocialandmoralvalues.ThisdifferenceisowingtodifferentculturalbackgroundsbetweentheWesternandChineseresearchers.Morespecifically,politenessbearsstrongculturalcharacteristicssincethevalueorientationsofacultureexertcrucialinfluenceonitsmembers'attitudesandspeechacts.Thatis
tosay,politenessisdefined,realizedandjudgeddifferentlyindifferentcultures.
2.2Categoriesofpolitenesslanguage
Accordingtothedifferentoccasionwheretheconversationstart,peopleoftenputthepolitenessuseinsomecategoriesasfollowing:
FormsofAddress,Greeting,Compliment,ClosingofanEncounter,Compliment,Agreement,RefusalandApologyandThank.Forauthor'sabilityandthelackoforiginalreference,itisimpossibletocoveralltheaspectsofpoliteness.Heretheauthortakesonlytwopatternswherepolitenesslanguageisusedforexample,namelyGreeting,andCompliment,thatistheauthorwillonlydiscusssuchcommonlyusedpolitenessformulaeashowtogreeteachotherandhowtorespondtocompliments.
Whenacquaintancesmeetinthestreetandwhenstrangershaveanintentionofstartingaconversation,allofthemhavetofindsomeappropriateandpolitewordstogreeteachother.Greetingisasignofsocialnorm.InChina,itisintolerabletogostraightaheadwithoutsayinganythingtoanacquaintance.Thatkindofbehaviormayberegardedasaprovocation.Ifspeakerwantstobuilduptherelationshipwithhearer,he/shemustrecognizetheimportanceofgreetingasaninfluentialfactorininterpersonalrelationship.Greetingperformsphonicfunctionofalanguageanditisakindofpolitenessstrategytomaintainpositivefaceandrapportbetweensocialbeings.
Acomplimentisaspeechact,whichexplicitlyorimplicitlyattributescredittosomeoneforsomething,whichisvaluedpositivelybythespeakerandhearer(Holmes,1986>.Complimentsareusuallyintendedtohaveapositiveeffectoninterpersonalrelations。
asHolmespointsout,theyaretypically"sociallubricantswhichcreateormaintainrapport"(1995:
118,quotedinSpencer-Oatey,2000:
98>.
3.Theoreticalframeworkonpoliteness
3.1BrownandLevinson's"Face"theory
BrownandLevinsonpropose"face" PolitenessPhenomenon(1978>.Latertheyrevisedtheoriginalframework,Politeness: SomeUniversalsinLanguageUsageinwhichtheygivefurtherillustrationoftheviewofpoliteness.Yetthemainideaalmosthasnotbeenchanged. Theydefine"face"asfollows: "thepublicself-imagethateverymemberwantstoclaimforhimself'(BrownandLevinson,2003: 562>.Intheirview,"thefaceissomethingthatisemotionallyinvested,andthatcanbelost,maintained,orenhanced,andmustbeconstantlyattendedtoininteraction"(BrownandLevinson,2003: 563>.Theparticipantsincommunicationallhave"face"wants,whicharetheirbasicneeds.BrownandLevinsonalso(2003: 563>state"Wetreattheaspectsoffaceasbasicwants,whicheverymemberknowseveryothermemberdesires,andwhichingeneralitisintheinterestsofeveryothermembertopartiallysatisfy". AccordingtoBrownandLevinson,everyone'sfacedependsoneveryoneelse'sbeingmaintainedorenhanced,sotheparticipantsshouldtakeeachother'sfaceintoconsiderationincommunication. "Face"consistsoftwospecificconstituents: negative"face"andpositive"face".Theformermeanspeoplewanttobeapprovedof,praisedorcomplimented。 thelattermeansthebasicclaimtofreedomofactionandfre
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- 关 键 词:
- 礼貌 用语 语用学 分析研究
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