英语演讲选择进修课期末深刻复习最后大归纳.docx

英语演讲选择进修课期末深刻复习最后大归纳.docx

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英语演讲选择进修课期末深刻复习最后大归纳

chapter1ABC

WhyStudyPublicSpeaking

vIncreasepersonalandsocialabilities

vEnhanceyouracademicandcareerskills

vRefineyourgeneralcommunicationabilities

vIncreaseyourpublicspeakingabilities

v….

IncreasePersonalandSocialAbilities

vself-awareness

vself-confidence

vdealingwiththefearofcommunicating

PublicSpeakingVSConversation

vPurpose:

bothcommunicatewithacertainpurpose

vAudience:

apublicspeechisusuallydirectedatmorelisteners.

vFeedback:

publicspeakingisrelativelyuninterrupteddiscourse.

vDelivery:

publicspeakingrequiresintensifiedvolumeofvoiceandbodilyaction.

vMaterialsandorganization:

publicspeechesaremostlypreparedones.Impromptuspeechesarerare.

Theessentialsofaspeech

vObjective:

whyamImakingthisspeech?

vAudience:

whomamImakingthisspeechto?

vPlace:

where

vTimeandlength

vMethodofdelivery:

how

vContent:

what

vNotes

vRehearsal:

identifyweakness,practicedifficultpronunciations

Dealingwithnervousness

vAcquirespeakingexperience

vPrepare,prepare,prepare

vThinkpositively

vUsethepowerofvisualization

vKnowthatmostnervousnessisNotvisible

vDon’texpectperfection

AcquireSpeakingExperience

vEnrolledinapublicspeakingcourse

vStagefright:

fearoftheunknown

vLearningtogiveaspeechisnotmuchdifferentfromlearninganyotherskill---itproceedsbytrialanderror.Thepurposeofyourspeechclassistoshortentheprocess,tominimizetheerrors,togiveyouanonthreateningarena---asortoflaboratory---inwhichtoundertakethe“trial”

Thinkpositively

Confidenceismostlythewell-knownpowerofpositivethinking.

NegativeThought&PositiveThought

vIwishIdidn’thavetogivethisspeech.

Thisspeechisachanceformetosharemyideasandgainexperienceasaspeaker.

vIamnotagreatpublicspeaker.

Nooneisperfect,butIamgettingbetterwitheachspeechIgive.

Terms

vPositivenervousness---controllednervousnessthathelpsenergizeaspeakerforherorhispresentation.

vVisualization---mentalimaginginwhichaspeakervividlypicturesherselforhimselfgivingasuccessfulpresentation.

vCreatavividmentalblurprintinwhichyouseeyourselfsucceedinginyourspeech

Othertipsfordealingwithnervousness

vBeatyourbestphysicallyandmentally.Agoodnight’ssleepwillserveyoubetter.

vAsyouarewaitingtospeak,quietlytightenandrelaxyourlegmuscles,orsqueezeyourhandstogetherandthenreleasethem.Suchactionshelpreducetensionbyprovidinganoutletforyourextraadrenaline.

vTakeacoupleslow,deepbreathsbeforeyoustarttospeak.Mostpeopletakeshortandshallowbreaths,whichonlyreinforcestheiranxiety.Deepbreathingbreaksthiscycleoftensionandhelpcalmyournerves.

vWorkespeciallyhardonyourintroduction.Researchhasshownthataspeaker’sanxietylevelbeginstodropsignificantlyafterthefirst30secondsofapresentation

vMakeeyecontactwithmembersofyouraudience.Rememberthattheyareindividualpeople,notabluroffaces.Andtheyareyourfriends.

vConcentrateoncommunicatingwithyouraudienceratherthanonworryingaboutyourstagefright.Ifyougetcaughtupinyourspeech,youraudiencewilltoo.

vUsevisualaids.Theycreateinterest,drawattentionawayfromyou,andmakeyoufeellessself-conscious.

chapter2topic

Selectingatopic

⏹Speechesoutsidetheclassroom

theoccasion,theaudience,thespeaker’squalifications

⏹Speechesinthepublicspeakingclass

nodesignatedtopic

⏹Whatisasuitablespeechtopic?

⏹Worthwhile

⏹Appropriate

⏹Limitedinscope

Suitabletopic

⏹Worthwhile

significantimplicationsfortheaudience

⏹Appropriate

knowalot,liketolearnmore

⏹Limitedinscope

dividingthetopicintoseveralsignificantparts.

⏹Generalpurpose:

thebroadgoal总体目标

⏹Toinform:

conveyinformation

enhancetheknowledgeandunderstanding

⏹Topersuade:

advocateorpartisan

Changeorstructuretheattitudesoractions

Difference:

explainorexhort

⏹Specificpurpose具体目标

toinformmyaudienceabout…

topersuademyaudienceto…

Explain←→exhort

SpecificPurpose

⏹Specificpurpose:

（singleinfinitivephrasethatstatespreciselywhataspeakerhopestoaccomplishinhisorherspeech.）.简单的肯定句

⏹Topic:

Emergencies

⏹Generalpurpose:

Toinform

⏹Specificpurpose:

Toinformmyaudienceofthemajorstepsinrespondingtoanemergency

Tipsforformulatingthespecificpurposestatement

Tip1:

Writethepurposestatementasafullinfinitivephrase（完整的短语）,notasafragment（片段）

Tip2

Expressyourpurposeasastatement,notasaquestion陈述句

Tip3Avoidfigurativelanguage比喻语言

Tip4Limityourpurposestatementtoonedistinctidea,oronemainpoint

Tip5

Makesureyourspecificpurposeisnottoovagueorgeneral

Phrasingthecentralidea

（Alsocalledthesisstatement,subjectsentence,majorthought）

⏹Whatisthecentralidea?

⏹Guidelinesforthecentralidea

Whatisthecentralidea?

⏹Aone-sentencestatementthatsumsupthemajorideasofaspeech.Itiswhatyouwanttheaudiencetoabsorbfromyourspeech.

⏹Inpersuasivespeeches

arguable,debatable,takeyourstance

⏹Ininformativespeeches

relativelyneutralandobjective

⏹Thespecificpurposeofaspeechiswhatyouhopetoaccomplish.

⏹Thecentralideaisaconcisestatementofwhatyouexpecttosay.

⏹

Guidelinesforthecentralidea

⏹Thecentralidea

1.Shouldbeexpressedinafullsentence

2.shouldnotbeintheformofaquestion.

3.shouldavoidfigurativelanguage

4.shouldnotbevagueoroverlygeneral

Summary

⏹Selectingatopic

⏹Determiningyourgeneralpurpose

⏹Determiningyourspecificpurpose

⏹Phrasingyourcentralidea

Fourbrainstormingprocedures

⏹Makeaquickinventoryofyourhobbies,interests,skills,experiences,beliefs,andsoforth.

⏹Usethetechniqueofclusteringandwritedownonasheetofpaperthefirsttopicsthatcometomindinseveralcategories.

⏹Lookthroughareferenceworkforideas

⏹UseaWorldWideWebsubjectdirectorysuchasYahootohelpyouscanpossibletopic.

chapter3Analysis

Analyzingtheaudience

1.Audience-centeredness以听众为中心

2.Thepsychologyofaudience听众的心理

3.Demographicaudienceanalysis听众分析统计

4.Situationalaudienceanalysis听众分析的具体情形

5.Adaptingtotheaudience适应听众

1.Audience-centeredness

▪Audience-centeredness:

keepingtheaudienceforemostinmindateverystepofspeechpreparationandpresentation.

Questionstobeaskedwhenpreparing

▪TowhomamIspeaking?

▪WhatdoIwantthemtoknow,believe,ordoasaresultofmyspeech?

▪Whatisthemosteffectivewayofcomposingandpresentingmyspeechtoaccomplishthataim?

（how）

2.Thepsychologyofaudiences

▪Question:

whatdoyoudowhenyoulistentoaspeech?

▪twomessages:

speaker,filter,listener

▪peoplehearwhattheywanttohearanddisregardtherest.

▪Question:

whatdopeoplewanttohear?

▪Meaningful

▪Egocentrism:

Thetendencyofpeopletobeconcernedaboveallwiththeirownvalues,beliefs,andwell-being.

▪Listenerstypicallyapproachspeecheswithonequestionuppermostinmind:

“Whyisthisimportanttome?

”

Whatdothesepsychologicalprinciplesmeantoyouasaspeaker?

▪Listeners:

whattheyalreadyknow

▪Speakers:

relatethemessageto

Twostepsofdemographicaudienceanalysis

⑴identifyingthegeneraldemographicfeaturesofyouraudience

⑵assessingtheimportanceofthosefeaturestoaparticularspeakingsituation

DemographicAudienceAnalysis

▪Age

▪Gender

▪Sexualorientation

▪Racial,ethnicandculturalbackground

▪Religion

4.Situationalaudienceanalysis:

▪Situationalfactors

Size

Physicalsetting

Dispositiontowardthetopic

Dispositiontowardthespeaker

Dispositiontowardthetopic

▪Interest

▪Knowledge

▪Attitude

Dispositiontowardthespeaker

▪keepinmindthatyourlistenerswillalwayshavesomesetofattitudestowardyouasaspeaker.

▪Estimatingwhatthoseattitudesareandhowtheywillaffectyourspeechisacrucialpartofsituationalaudienceanalysis.

Summary

▪audience-centered.Theyknowthattheaimofspeechmakingistogainadesiredresponsefromlisteners.Whenworkingonyourspeeches,keepthreequestionsinmind:

（1）TowhomamIspeaking?

（2）WhatdoIwantthemtoknow,believe,ordoasaresultofmyspeech?

（3）Whatisthemosteffectivewayofcomposingandpresentingmyspeechtoaccomplishthataim?

▪Psychologyofaudience.

Peoplehearwhattheywanttohear.

Egocentric

Whyisthisimportanttome?

chapter4ntroduction

1.Gettingattentionandinterest

（1）Relatethetopictotheaudience

（2）Statetheimportanceofyourtopic

（3）Startletheaudience

（4）Arousethecuriosityoftheaudience

（5）Questiontheaudience

（6）Beginwithaquotation

（7）Tellastory

2.Revealthetopic

3.Establishcredibility

▪Credibility:

theaudience’sperceptionofwhetheraspeakerisqualifiedtospeakonagiventopic.

Yourcredibilityneednotbebasedonfirsthandknowledgeandexperience.Itcancomefromreading,fromclasses,frominterviews,fromfriends.

4Previewthebodyofthespeech

▪Previewstatement预先叙说

▪Astatementintheintroductionofaspeechthatidentifiesthemainpointstobediscussedinthebodyofthespeech.

Tipsforpreparingtheintroduction

1.Keeptheintroductionrelativelybrief.Undernormalcircumstancesitshouldnotconstitutemorethan10to20percentofyourspeech.

2.Beonthelookoutforpossibleintroductorymaterialsasyoudoyourresearch.Filethemwithyournotes,sotheywillbehandywhenyouarereadyforthem.

3.Becreativeindevisingyourintroducti