模拟题1考博英语 笔记.docx
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模拟题1考博英语 笔记.docx
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模拟题1考博英语笔记
PracticeExamination1
PartIReadingComprehension(40%)
Questions1to4arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Accordingtoeconomicsignalingtheory,consumersmayperceivethefrequencywithwhichanunfamiliarbrandisadvertisedasacuethatthebrandisofhighquality.Thenotionthathighlyadvertisedbrandsareassociatedwithhigh-qualityproductsdoeshavesomeempiricalsupport.MarquardtandMcGannfoundthatheavyadvertisedproductsdidindeedrankhighoncertainmeasuresofprodutquality.Becauselargeadvertisingexpendituresrepresentasignificantinvestmentonthepartofamanufacturer,onlycompaniesthatexpecttorecoupthesecostsinthelongrun,throughconsumers'repeatpurchasesoftheproduct,canaffordtospendsuchamounts.
根据经济信号理论,消费者对他们并不熟悉的产品如果听多了其广告,就会受到暗示,以为这些产品质量好。
人们有这样的经验:
广告多的产品质量好。
MarquardtandMcGann发现,广告多的产品确实在一定程度上质量好。
因为大笔的广告费是制造商所做的重要投资,从长远看,公司希望通过消费者多次购买这些产品赚回这些广告成本,那么广告是做得起的。
economicsignalingtheory经济信号理论
advertisingexpenditures广告费
oncertainmeasures在一定程度上
canaffordto买得起;负担得起
cue[kju:
]n.提示,暗示;线索vt.给暗示
empiricaladj.经验主义的,完全根据经验的
perceive[pə'si:
v]vt.察觉,感觉;理解;认知vi.感到,感知;认识到
recoup[ri'ku:
p]vt.收回;恢复;偿还;扣除vi.获得补偿;请求扣除
measure['meʒə]n.测量;措施;程度;尺寸vt.测量;估量;权衡vi.测量;估量
onthepartof就...而言;由...所作出的;在...一边;由...所表现出的
However,twostudiesbyKirmanihavefoundthatalthoughconsumersinitiallyperceiveexpensiveadvertisingasasignalofhighbrandquality,atsomelevelofspendingthemanufacturer'sadvertisingeffortmaybeperceivedasunreasonablyhigh,implyinglowmanufacturerconfidenceinproductquality.Ifconsumersperceiveexcessiveadvertisingeffortasasignofamanufacturer’sdesperation,theresultmaybelessfavorablebrandperceptions.Inaddition,athirdstudybyKirmani,ofprintadvertisements,foundthattheuseofcoloraffectedconsumerconceptionofbrandquality.Becauseconsumersrecognizethatcoloradvertisementsaremoreexpensivethanblackandwhite,thepointatwhichrepetitionofanadvertisementisperceivedasexcessivecomessoonerforacoloradvertisementthanforablack-and-whiteadvertisement.
然而,Kirmani的两个研究表明,尽管消费者一开始会认为昂贵的广告费是产品质量好的信号;但是,在某种程度上,广告太多多也可能被认为是不合理的投资行为,是生产厂家对产品没有信心的表现。
如果消费者认为过度的广告是厂家孤注一掷,那么做广告的结果就不是树立了品牌的良好形象。
另外,Kirmani做的第三个研究表明:
印刷的广告,其颜色会影响消费者对品牌质量的认识,因为消费者认为彩色广告比黑白广告费用更高,所以,重复彩色广告比重复黑白广告更容易被人认为是广告投资过度。
canaffordto买得起;负担得起atsomelevelof在某种程度上perceiveas视为;当作
1.TheprimarypurposeofthepassageistoC
A.presentfindingsthatcontradictoneexplanationfortheeffectsofaparticularadvertisingpracticeT
B.arguethattheoreticalexplanationsabouttheeffectsofaparticularadvertisingpracticeareoflimitedvaluewithoutempiricalevidenceF
C.discusshowandwhyparticularadvertisingpracticesmayaffectconsumers'perceptionsTF
D.contrasttheresearchmethodsusedintwodifferentstudiesofaparticularadvertisingpracticeF
2.Kirmani'sresearchsuggestswhichofthefollowingregardingconsumers'expectationsaboutthequalityofadvertisedproducts?
B
A.Thoseexpectationsarelikelytobehighestifamanufacturerrunsbothblack-and-whiteandcoloradvertisementsforthesameprodoct.F
B.Thoseexpectationscanbeshapedbythepresenceofcolorinanadvertisementaswellasbythefrequencywithwhichanadvertisementappears.F
C.Thoseexpectationsareusuallyhighforfrequentlyadvertisednewbrandsbutnotforfrequentlyadvertisedfamiliarbrands.TF
D.Thoseexpectationsarelikelytobehigherforproducts,whoseblack-and-whiteadvertisementsareoftenrepeatedthanforthosewhosecolordvertisemensarelessoftenrepeated.F
3.Kirmani'sthirdstudysuggestswhichofthefollowingconclusionsaboutablack-and-whiteadvertisement?
A
A.Itcanberepeatedmorefrequentlythanacomparablecoloradvertisementcouldbeforeconsumersbegintosuspectlowmanufacturerconfidenceinthequalityoftheadvertisedproduct.
B.Itwillhavethegreastestimpactontheconsumers’perfectionsofthequalityoftheadvertisedproductifitappearsduringperiodswhenacolorversionofthesameadvertisementisalsobeingused.T
C.Itwillattractmoreattentionfromreadersoftheprintpublicationinwhichitappearsifitisusedonlyafewtimes.F
D.Itmaybeperceivedbysomeconsumersasmoreexpensivethanacomparablecoloradvertisement.F
4.Kirmaniwouldbemost,likelytoagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutconsumers'perceptionsoftherelationshipbetweenthefrequencywithwhichaproductisadvertisedandtheproduct’squality?
D
A.Consumers'perceptionsaboutthefrequencywithwhichanadvertisementappearsaretheirprimaryconsiderationwhenevaluatinganadvertisement'sclaimsaboutproductquality.T
B.Becausemostconsumersdonotnoticethefrequencyofadvertisement,ithaslittleimpactonmostcustomers'expectationsregardingproductquality.
C.Consumersperceivefrequencyofadvertisementasasignalaboutproductqualityonlywhentheadvertisementisforaproductthatisnewlyonthemarket.T
D.Thefrequencyofadvertisementisnotalwaysperceivedbyconsumerstoindicatethatmanufacturersarehighlyconfidentabouttheirproducts'quality.
这篇文章提的问题太刁钻了,问题很长,比文章还难以理解,而且,选项也是拐弯抹角。
但愿考试题不是这样的。
Questions5to8arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Theideaofthebrainasaninformationprocessor——amachinemanipulatingblipsofenergyaccordingtofathomablerules——hascometodominateneuroscience.However,oneenemyofthebrain-as-computermetaphorisJohnR.Searle,aphilosopherwhoarguesthatsincecomputerssimplyfollowalgorithms,theycannotdealwithimportantaspectsofhumanthoughtsuchasmeaningandcontent.Computersaresyntactic,ratherthansemantic,creatures.People,ontheotherhand,understandmeaningbecausetheyhavesomethingSearleobscurelycallsthecausalpowersofthebrain.
大脑好比信息处理器——按可了解的原则处理捕捉到的信号的机器——已经成为了神经系统科学中占主导地位的观点。
不过,有个人反对这个观点,哲学家约翰·罗杰斯·希尔勒(JohnR.Searle)认为计算机不过是用来运行算法的,它们并不能完成人脑的思维,像含义、内容。
计算机是语法的,不是语义的,不是生灵。
而人,能理解含义,因为人有一种被希尔勒Searle费解地称为因果心智力的东西。
obscurely[əb'skjuəli]adv.费解地,晦涩地;隐匿地
metaphor['metəfə]n.暗喻,隐喻;比喻说法
JohnR.Searle约翰·罗杰斯·希尔勒
algorithm['ælɡəriðəm]n.[计][数]算法,运算法则(pl.-s)
fathomable['fæθəməbl]adj.看得透的;可测明深度的;可了解的
syntactic[sin'tæktik]adj.句法的;语法的;依据造句法的
neuroscience[,njuərəu'saiəns]n.神经系统科学(指神经病学、神经化学等)
semantic[si'mæntik]adj.语义的;语义学的(等于semantical)
causal['kɔ:
zəl]adj.因果关系的;有原因的n.表示原因的连词
blip[blip]n.(在雷达屏幕显示出的)物体光点;短促而尖锐的声音;标志;尖头信号;标记
Yethowwouldabrainworkifnotbyreducingwhatitlearnsabouttheworldtoinformation——somekindofcodethatcanbetransmittedfromneurontoneuron?
Whatelsecouldmeaningandcontentbe?
Ifthecodecanbecracked,acomputershouldbeabletosimulateit,atleastinprinciple.Butevenifacomputercouldsimulatetheworkingsofthemind,Searlewouldclaimthatthemachinewouldnotreallybethinking;itwouldjustbeactingasifitwere.Hisargumentproceedsthus:
ifacomputerwereusedtosimulateastomach,withthestomach'schurningsfaithfullyreproducedonavideoscreen,themachinewouldnotbedigestingrealfood.Itwouldjustbeblindlymanipulatingthesymbolsthatgeneratethevisualdisplay.
如果没有把我们学到的万事万物分解成信息——类似代码的东西,我们的大脑如何把这些东西在神经元之间进行传输呢?
含义和内容还能是什么呢?
如果代码能够分开,就可以用计算机来模拟人脑了,至少大体上可以。
但是,即使能用计算机来模拟人脑的活动,希尔勒Searle也会认为计算机不是真的在思考,计算机只是按计算机的方式工作。
希尔勒Searle会这样继续辩驳:
如果用计算机来模拟胃,屏幕上生动地显示胃的蠕动,计算机却并没有真的消化食物。
计算机只不过盲目地处理那些符号,产生直观显示。
neuron['njuərɔn]n.[解剖]神经元,神经单位
inprinciple大体上,原则上;一般而言
proceed[prəu'si:
d]vi.开始;继续进行;发生;行进
churn[tʃə:
n]n.搅乳器vt.搅拌;搅动vi.搅拌;搅动
simulate['simjuleit]adj.模仿的;假装的vt.模仿;假装;冒充
faithfully['feiθfuli]adv.忠实地;如实地;诚心诚意地;深信着地
visualdisplay[自][电子]直观显示;视觉显示;光学显示;可见显示
reproducedv.重现(reproduce的过去分词);再生产;生育adj.再生的;重制的
cracked[krækt]v.破裂;崩溃(crack的过去分词);发沙哑声;失败adj.破裂的;声音嘶哑的;精神失常的
blind[blaind]adv.盲目地;看不见地adj.盲目的;瞎的n.掩饰,借口;百叶窗vt.使失明;使失去理智
reduce[ri'dju:
s]vi.减少;缩小;归纳为vt.减少;降低;使处于;把分解
Suppose,though,thatastomachweresimulatedusingplastictubes,amotortodothechurning,asupplyofdigestivejuices,andatimingmechanism.Iffoodwentinoneendofthedevice,whatcameouttheotherendwouldsurelybedigestedfood.Brains,unlikestomachs,areinformationprocessors,andifoneinformationprocessorweremadetosimulateanotherinformationprocessor,itishardtoseehowoneandnottheothercouldbesaidtothink.Simulatedthoughtsandrealthoughtsaremadeofthesameelement:
information.Therepresentationsoftheworldthathumanscarryaroundintheirheadsarealreadysimulations.ToacceptSearle’sargument,onewouldhavetodenythemostfundamentalnotioninpsychologyandneuroscience:
thatbrainsworkbyprocessinginformation.
假设用一个有弹性的管子来模拟胃,用一个发动机来使它蠕动,给它提供消化液,加上定时机制。
如果从一端把食物放进去,那么从另一端出来的应该是消化过了的事物。
大脑是信息处理器,这和胃不一样,如果制作一个信息处理器来模拟另一个信息处理器,很难说哪一个是在思考,哪一个不是在思考。
模拟的思维和真正的思维由同样的元素构成:
信息。
如果接受希尔勒Searle的观点,那么我们肯定得否定心理学和神经系统科学中最基本的概念:
大脑以处理信息的方式工作。
digestivejuice[生理]消化液
atimingmechanism定时机制
fundamentalnotion基本概念
bemadeof由所组成;由造成
deny[di'nai]vi.否认;拒绝vt.否定,否认;拒绝给予;拒绝的要求
5.ThemainpurposeofthepassageistoC
A.proposeanexperiment
B.analyzeafunction
C.refuteanargumentT
D.explainacontradiction
6.WhichofthefollowingismostconsistentwithSearle'sreasoningaspresentedinthepassage?
A
A.Meaningandcontentcannotbereducedtoalgorithms.TT(简化为,还原为;减小为,分解为)
B.Theprocessofdigestioncanbesimulatedmechanically,butnotonacomputer.T
C.Simulatedthoughsandrealthaughtsareessentiallysimilarbecausetheyarecomposedprimarilyofinfarmatian.F
D.Acamputercanuse“causalpowers”similartothoseofthehumanbrainwhenprocessinginformatian.F
7.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthor
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