高考英语非谓语动词做状语.docx
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高考英语非谓语动词做状语.docx
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高考英语非谓语动词做状语
非谓语动词包括---ing分词、过去分词及不定式,他们不受句子主语的人称和数的影响,不能在句子中作谓语;但具有动词的特征(有时态和语态的变化形式),又具有名词、形容词或副词的特性,所以可以在句子中担任其他语法功能,如在句子中做主语、定语、补语或状语等,下面就其作状语的用法进行分类归纳。
非谓语动词作状语的用法可以用下面图表表示:
非谓语动词 表主动意义 Doingsth.,主语+谓语。
作状语 Havingdonesth.,主语+谓语。
表被动意义 Done,主语+谓语。
Havingbeendone,主语+谓语。
表目的、结果todosth.
现在,再来详细讲解其用法。
一、表主动意义的Doingsth.与Havingdonesth
1.Doingsth.表示分词的动作与主句的动作同时或几乎同时发生(虽有先后关系,但两个动作非常紧凑),我们可以用“主动、进行”来记住—ing分词作状语的用法。
.
eg:
Weweresittingbythewindow,talkingaboutwhathappenedyesterday.
(sitting与talkingabout两个动作同时进行,talkingabout…作伴随状语)
Acrowdofchildrenranoutoftheclassroom,laughingandtalkingmerrily.
(同时进行的动作,作方式状语)
Hearingthecryforhelp,theyallrushedout.
(Hearing与rushedout两个动作虽有先后关系,但非常紧凑,hearing…作原因状语)
doing有时只表“主动”并无进行之意。
eg:
Seeingonthetopofthemountain,you’llfindourcitybeautiful.
Beingastudent,Imuststudyhard.
2.Havingdonesth.表示分词的动作比主句的动作先发生,强调“主动、完成”。
eg:
Mr.Bumble,havingspreadahandkerchiefoverhisknee,begantoeatanddrink.
(spread的动作比begantoeatanddrink的动作先发生,havingspread…作时间状语)
二、表被动意义的Done与Havingbeendone
1.Done表分词的动作与主句的主语是逻辑上的动宾关系,即主语是动作的承受者,也就是说,Done作状语一般表“被动”。
eg:
Writtencarelessly,thecompositionisfullofmistakes.
(write与composition是逻辑上的动词与宾语的关系,即逻辑上讲是writethe composition,所以thecomposition是write的动作承受者)
Theteacherstoodtheresurroundedbythestudents.(方式状语)
有些过去分词作状语并不表“被动”,这些分词已作形容词使用,而且结构也比较固定,常见的有:
bedressedin,belostinthought,bearmedwith,befacedwith,beabsorbedin,beexposedto,becaughtintherain,beseatedinachairect.
eg:
Dressedinwhitetoday,shelooksmorebeautiful.
Lostinthought,Ialmosthitthecar.
2.Havingbeendone表示分词的动作比主句的动作先发生,而且是被动意义,也就是强调“被动、完成”。
eg:
Havingbeencriticizedbytheteacher,LiMinggaveupsmoking.
(分词作原因状语,相当于Becausehehadbeencriticizedbytheteacher,…)
Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hedidn’tknowwhattodo.
(分词作让步状语,相当于Althoughhehadbeentoldmanytimes,…)
三、不定式todosth.
不定式todosth.经常作目的状语,意思是“为了……”,相当于inorderto/soastodosth.;还可以作结果状语和原因状语。
eg:
Icameheretoseeyou.(目的状语)
Hehurriedtoschooltofindnobodythere.(结果状语)
I’mgladtohearthenews.(原因状语)
四、非谓语动词的否定式
非谓语动词的否定式是在非谓语动词之前加not。
eg:
Nothavingcompletedtheprogramme,theyhavetostaythereforanothertwoweeks.
五、非谓语动词作状语的比较
1、不能用不定式的场合
表时间、条件、让步或伴随情况通常不用不定式,而用—ing分词和—ed 分词。
eg:
Havingwaitedinthequeueforhalfanhour,Tomsuddenlyrealizedthathehadlefthis walletathome.(时间状语)
Comparedwiththesizeofthewholeearth,thebiggestoceandoesn’tseembigatall.
(条件状语)
2、表目的时只用不定式
表示目的时只能用不定式,其动作通常发生在谓语动作之后,有时为了强调,可将不定式短语放到句首(但soastodosth.短语不行)。
——Cantheprojectbefinishedasplanned?
——Sure,togetitcompletedintime,we’llworktwomorehoursaday.
3、不定式和分词短语作原因状语的区别
表示原因时,分词短语常放在句首,也可放在句末,多用逗号隔开;不定式短语却只能放在句末,但不用逗号隔开,且多用于表示情绪或情感的形容词(如:
happy,glad,sorry,sad,surprise,frightened,delighted,disappointedetc.)之后。
eg:
I’msurprisedtoseeyouhere.
Attractedbythebeautyofnature,thegirlfromLondondecidedtostayanothertwodaysonthefarm.
4.不定式和现在分词作结果状语的区别
不定式表结果,其动作发生在谓语动词之后,往往表示未曾预料到的或令人不快的情况,不定式前常加only;另外,还用too…to,enoughto,neverto,so/such…asto等固定结构中。
现在分词表示结果,是伴随谓语动词的发生而产生的自然结果(同时发生),有时在前面加上thus,谓语动词与现在分词的动作是因果关系。
Theoldmanreturnedhomeonlytofindthathisdaughterhadgotmarried.
Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.
六、独立主格结构
学习非谓语动词作状语,还需了解另一结构——独立主格结构。
(一)独立主格结构的构成
1、with/without+宾语(n./pron.)+补语(分词/不定式)
Withoutanymoneyleft,hehadnochoicebuttoborrowsomefromhisfriend.
(独立主格结构withoutanymoneyleft在句子中作原因状语,其中分词left在此结构中作补语,表“被动”)
Withhimsittingnexttoher,shefeltsafe.
(独立主格结构作原因状语,其中分词短语sittingnexttoher在此结构中作补语,表“主动”)
Withalotofworktodo,Icouldn’tgooutwithyou.
(独立主格结构作原因状语,其中不定式todosth.在此结构中严格来讲作定语,表动作尚未发生)
2、n./pron.(主格)+分词
eg:
Homeworkfinished,hewenttobed.
Thesunhavingrisen,thefogsoondisappeared.
(二)独立主格结构的句法功能
1、时间状语
Themeeting(being)over,theyleftthehall.
2、原因状语
Therebeingnobus,wehadtowalkhome.
3、条件状语
Timepermitting,Ishallgotothecinemawithyou.
4、描述伴随行为或补充说明
Maryenteredtheroom,withabigappleinhand.
Hewasdoinghishomework,hisfathersittinginhand.
分词作状语时,分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语一致;独立主格结构有自己的主语。
七、标点符号和并列连词
比较下面两个句子:
(1)OnSaturdayafternoon,Mr.Greenwenttothemarket,boughtsomebananasandvisitedhiscousin.
(2)Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,makingitthemostpopularsportintheworld.
(1)中,逗号用以分隔三个并列的动作(后面的and连接三个并列动作);
(2)中,逗号把状语与主句隔开(句中只有两个动词,但没有and连接,而是用逗号隔开)。
再看下面两个句子:
(1)Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hedidn’tknowwhattodo.
(2)Hehadbeentoldmanytimes,buthedidn’tknowwhattodo
(1)中,逗号把状语与主句分隔开;
(2)中,也有逗号,但后面句子还有并列连词,说明前后是两个并列分句,也就是两个结构完整的句子
1.Though____ofthedanger,hestillwentskatingonthethinice.
A.warningB.towarnC.warnD.warned
2.____fromthispointofview,thequestionwillbeofgreatimportance.
A.ConsideringB.ConsideredC.BeingconsideredD.Consider
3.____and____,theyranoutoftheroom.
A.Beingexcited;happilyB.Exciting;happy
C.Exciting;happilyD.Excited;happy
4.____deepdownintheearth,thedeadforestsrottedawayandbecamecoal.
A.BuriedB.Burying
C.ToburyD.Beingburied
5.If____green,thedoormightlookmorebeautiful.
A.paintB.paintedC.paintingD.topaint
6.Eva,____inCanada,livedandpracticedlawinAmerica.
A.wasbornB.hewasbornC.althoughbornD.beingborn
7.Annawasreadingapieceofsciencefiction,____completelytotheoutsideworld.
A.beinglostB.havinglostC.losingD.lost
8.Everything____,itwasn’tabadholiday.
A.consideringB.consideredC.toconsiderD.consider
9.____withadifficultsituation,Arnolddecidedtoaskhisbossforadvice.
A.TofaceB.HavingfacedC.FacedD.Facing
10.Whenfirst____tothemarket,theseproductsenjoyedgreatsuccess.
A.introducingB.introducedC.introduceD.beingintroduced
11.____,theoldmanislivingahappylife.
A.TakinggoodcareB.Takengoodcare
C.HavingtakengoodcareD.Takengoodcareof
12.Hewassittingthere,____indeepthought.
A.loseB.lostC.lossD.losing
13.Wearecertainthateverythingwillgowellas____.
A.tobeplannedB.plannedC.beingplannedD.havingbeenplanned
14.——What’swrong?
——Iwanttoknowwhyyoudidn’tdoas____.
A.tobetoldB.tellingC.toldD.toldto
15.When____,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.
A.completedB.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompleted
16..______moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.
A.TogiveB.HavinggivenC.GivenD.Giving
17.______inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.
A.ToloseB.LostC.HavinglostD.Losing
18.______therailwaystation,wehadabreak,only______thetrainhadleft.
A.Arrivingat;tofindB.Comingto;discoveringthat
C.Onarrivingat;findingoutD.Hurryingto;tohavefoundout
19.______thesepictures,Icouldn’thelpthinkingofthosedayswhenIwasinBeingand______fromthetopofathirty-storeyedbuilding,Beijinglooksmorebeautiful.
A.Seeing;seenB.Seen;seeingC.Seeing;seeingD.Seen;seen
20.______hisheadhigh,themanagerwalkedintotheroomtoattendthemeeting______then.
A.Holding;beingheldB.Held;holdingC.Havingheld;heldD.Held;tobeheld
21.Herhusbanddiedin1980andhadnothing______toher,only______herfivechildren.
A.left;toleaveB.leaving;leavingC.leaving;leftD.left;leaving
22.______mapsproperly,youneedaspecialpen.
A.DrawnB.DrawingC.TodrawD.Bedrawing
23.Greatlymoveddbyherwords,______.
A.tearscametohiseyesB.hecouldhardlyholdbackhistears
C.tearscouldhardlybeheldbackD.hiseyeswerefilledwithtears.
24.When______whyhewalkedinwithoutpermission,hejuststaredatusandsaidnothing.
A.beenaskedB.askedC.askingD.tobeasked
25.______histelephonenumber,shehadsomedifficultygettingintouchwithBill.
A.NotknowingB.KnowingnotC.NothavingknownD.Havingnotknow
26.Sometimesnewideashavetobetestedmanytimesbefore______.
A.acceptingfullyB.beingfullyacceptedC.fullyacceptingD.fullybeingaccepted
1—5DBDAB6—10CDBCB11—15DBBDA16—20CBAAA21—26ABBBAB
1.Themeeting_______nextweekissuretobeagreatsuccess.
A.totakeplaceB.tobetakenplaceC.tohavetakenplaceD.beingtakenplace
2._______bytheComradeLeiFeng,wetryourbesttodogooddeeds.
A.InspiredB.BeinginspiredC.TobeinspiredD.Inspiring
3.It'snogood_______here.Let'sgohome.
A.towait B.waited C.waiting D.beingwaited
4.Ilistenedtothewind,______thathewouldnotcometonight.
A.thinking B.tothink C.thought D.beingthinking
5.Asaresultofmylaziness,Ifailed________myworkintime.
A.andfinished B.tofinish C.andfinishing D.tofinished
6.Iamsorry______writtenyoualetteratthetime.
A.tohavenot B.tonothave C.nottohave D.nothaving
7.Tomapologizedtome______again.
A.tobelate B.ofbeinglateC.tohavebeenlate D.forbeinglate
8.Iremained_______longafterIhadbeentoldthestory.
A.puzzling B.puzzled C.beingpuzzled D.tobepuzzled
9.Willyoulendhimamagazine_________?
A.toberead B.forreading C.toread D.heread
10.Thearticle_________ onthissubjectwaswrittenbyMr.Black.
A.referring B.referred C.referringto D.referredto
11.Livingnearthesea,___________________.
A.weenjoyhealthyairandbeautifulsightB.healthyaira
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